Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
Thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgement, and memory
A
Cognition
2
Q
Category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
A
Concept
3
Q
Best representation of a concept
A
Prototype
4
Q
Built through experiences
A
Natural Concept
5
Q
Defined by a very specific set of characteristics
A
Artificial Concept
6
Q
A mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
A
Schema (Schemata)
7
Q
Set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
A
Role Schema
8
Q
Set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
A
Event Schema
9
Q
A plan of action used to find a solution
A
Problem-solving strategy
10
Q
Continue trying different solutions unit problem is solved
A
Trial and error
11
Q
Step-by-step problem-solving formula
A
Algorithm
12
Q
General problem-solving framework
A
heuristic
13
Q
What are the three types of problem-solving?
A
Trial and error, algorithm, heuristic
14
Q
What are the two types of schema?
A
Role and Event
15
Q
Continually using an old solution to a problem regardless of it helping
A
Mental set
16
Q
Inability to see an object used for anything besides its intended purpose
A
Functional fixedness
17
Q
Tendency to focus on a particular piece of information when making decisions
A
Anchoring bias
18
Q
Focus on information that confirms existing belief
A
Confirmation bias
19
Q
Belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t (hindsight 2020)
A
Hindsight bias
20
Q
Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something
A
Representative bias
21
Q
When a decision is based on either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
A
Availability bias
22
Q
Information that is shared by people in a conversation
A
Common ground
23
Q
Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge
A
Audience design
24
Q
A mental representation of an event, object, or situation
A
Situation model
25
A stimulus is presented to a person reminds them of other associated things
Priming
26
What do we talk about?
Mainly ourselves and others
27
The brain has evolved so humans can be in larger groups
Social brain Hypothesis
28
-characterizes positive things about ingroup using the abstract experiences
- and characterize negative things about outgroup using abstract expressions
Linguistic Ingroup Bias
29
Two components; lexicon and grammar
Language
30
Minimal units of speech
Phoneme
31
Unit of meaning
Morphemes
32
Study of meaning
Semantics
33
a group of rules that are used to describe how the phrases and the words should be used in a language so that they can be grammatically correct
Syntax
34
a philosophical stance holding that the truth value of a proposition or a theory is to be identified in its sign
pragmatics
35
language is learned through reinforcement
B.F. Skinner
36
ability to learn language is in our biology
- language acquisition appears to occur without formal teaching
- language development seems similar around the world
- critical period of language acquisition
Noam Chomsky
37
used to describe red, browns, orange, and some yellows
serandu
38
a variety of greens, reds, beige and yellows, and is also the term for a Caucasian person
Dambu
39
describe the most dark colors; black, dark red, dark purple, dark blue, etc.
Zuzu
40
some yellows and whites
Vapa
41
collection of greens and blues
Buru
42
the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
intelligence
43
focus was on commonalities
- less concerned with unique abilities
Spearman's model
44
innate abilities
Spearman's g
45
Learned abilities
Spearman's s
46
acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it
crystallized intelligence
47
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
fluid intelligence
48
academic problem-solving and computation
analytical intelligence
49
streets smarts and common sense
practical intelligence
50
imaginative and innovative problem-solving
creative intelligence
51
- each person possesses at least 8 intelligences
- each person has strengths and weaknesses
Gardener's 8 Intelligences Theory
52
perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages
linguistics
53
capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use logic and reason
mathermatical
54
understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments, or performs as a vocalist
musical
55
high ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks
bodily kinesthetic
56
ability to perceive the relation between two objects and how they move in space
spatial(visuospatial)
57
ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others
interpersonal
58
ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals
intrapersonal
59
high capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species in it
naturalist
60
interpersonal and intrapersonal
- promotes high social skills
- some believe this is a better predictor of success
emotional intelligence
61
average age or typical test score for a specific chronological age
mental age
62
adult intelligence test
WAIS-IV
63
child intelligence test
WISC-V
63
child intelligence test
WISC-V
64
each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last
flynn effect
65
administering a test to a large group so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
norming
66
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
standardization
67
- researchers found twins raised apart has similar IQ
- more similar than fraternal twins or siblings raised together
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
68
each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his other genetic makeup
range of reaction
69
the inability to correctly process letters, may mix up letter within words or sentences
dyslexiA
70
the inability to correctly process letters, may mix up letter within words or sentences
dyslexia
71
have learning disability that results in struggle to write legibly. extreme difficulty writing with pen and paper
dysgraphia
72
difficulty with making math calculation
dyscalculia
73
input of information into the memory system
encoding
74
creation of permanent record of information
storage
75
act of getting information out of our memory and into our awareness
retrieval
76
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and meaning of words
automatic processing
77
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
effortful processing
78
-easier to quickly name color if printed in same color ink
-example of automatic processing
-experience has taught us to attach more significance to the meaning of words than the colors they are written in
stroop effect
79
input of words and their meaning
emantic encoding
80
input of images
visual encoding
81
input of sounds, words, and music
acoustic encoding
82
taking info from the form it is delivered to us and converting it in a way that helps us make sense of it
errors can occur
recoding
83
creation of a permanent record of information
storage
84
shifting of information from one memory store to another
control processing
85
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory info
holds about seven bits of information before forgotten or stored
short-term memory
86
continues storage of information
long-term memory
87
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
explicit memory (declarative)
88
memories that are not part of our consciousness
implicit memory(non-declarative)
89
act of getting information out of our memory and back into conscious awareness
retrieval
90
Types of Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
91
accessing info without cues
recall
92
identifying info previously learned by encouraging it again
recognition
93
learning info that was previously learned
relearning
94
retrieval will be better depending on how much overlap there is between cue and encoding
encoding specificity principle
95
memory for learning material is easier to recall if you are in the same place you learned it
context-dependent learning
96
memory for learned material is better if in same internal state
state-dependent learning
97
memory is easier if your mood at retrieval matches mood at encoding
mood-dependent learning
98
exceptionally clever recollection of an important event
flashbulb memory
99
loos of long term memory that occurs as result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
amnesia
100
inability to make new memories
anterograde amnesia
101
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
retrograde amnesia
102
Five Impediments of Remembering
Encoding failure - don't learn it to begin with
Decay - memory fades
Inadequate retrieval cues - no reminders
Interference - other memories get in the way
Trying not to remember - deliberately try not to remember
103
old information hinders recall of new information
proactive interference
104
new information hinders recall of old information
retroactive information
105
it's easier to remember things that come toward the beginning of a list
primary effect
106
it's easier to remember things that have recently occurred
recency effect
107
formulation of new memories
construction
108
process of bringing up old memories
reconstruction
109
What happens to memories that are reconstructed?
They are reconsolidated (changed) before they are put back.
110
Accessibility of memory decreases over time
transcience
111
forgetting caused by lapses in attention
absentmindedness
112
accessibility of information is temporarily blocked
blocking
113
source of memory is confused
misattribution
114
false memories
suggestibility
115
memories distorted by current belief system
bias
116
inability to forget undesirable memories
persistence
117
effects of misinformation from external sources leading to creation of false memories
suggestibility
118
given incorrect information, witnesses may misremember the original event
misinformation effect
119
practicing over and over again
rehearsal
120
taking larger pieces of information and breaking them down into smaller groups
chunking
121
making connections to other experiences, objects, etc
elaborative rehearsal
122
using pseudonyms to assists memory
mnemonic devices
123
innate behaviors
reflexes
instincts
124
any event or situation that evokes a response
stimulus
125
behavior that occurs in response to the stimuli
response
126
relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
learning
127
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
associative learning
128
organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together
classical conditioning
129
organisms learn to associate events - a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment)
operant conditioning
130
the process of watching others and then imitating what they do
observational learning
131
elicits a reflexive response
unconditional stimulus (UCS)
132
natural, unlearned reaction to UCS
unconditioned response (UCR)
133
presented immediately before UCS
neutral stimulus
134
neutral stimulus becomes CS after being associated with UCS
conditioned stimulus (CS)
135
learned response to previously neutral stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
136
the process by which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a stimulus in the environment, and as a result, the environmental stimulus eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus
classical conditioning
137
a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral(e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus
high-order conditioning
138
picking up learned behavior
acquisition
139
disappearance of learned behavior
extinction
140
picking back up the learned behavior that was once lost
spontaneous recovery
141
the ability to distinguish between different stimuli
stimulus discrimination
142
a similar stimuli will set off the learned behavior because it is similar to the neutral stimuli
stimulus generalization
143
growing accustomed to a stimulus
habituation
144
form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an over response
latent learning
145
need to be focused on what the model is doing
attention
146
need to retain or remember what to do
retention
147
need to perform behavior you observed and committed to memory
reproduction
148
need to want to actually copy the behavior
motivation
149
when model was punished for behavior, the children were less likely to do the behavior modeled
Bandura's Bobo Doll
150
organisms learn to associate behaviors with their consequences
operant conditioning
151
reward successive approximations to target behavior
shaping
152
innate reinforcing qualities
primary reinforcers
153
no inherent value by itself but it is inked to something else
secondary reinforcers
154
- repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens
- better at learning a
continuous reinforcement
155
-reinforcement response only part of the time
-behavior is kept for longer
partial reinforcement
156
Rosa Parks is often discussed as the best example of civil disobedience. This makes her an example of what?
Prototype
157
When you say, "I knew it all along," about an unpredictable event, you are performing which bias?
Hindsight bias
158
I performed an activity that required me to use a coffee mug as a measurement tool. By doing so, I was able to break this, which is when you are not able to see an object for something other than its intended use.
Functional fixedness
159
A category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experience
Concept
160
I have developed a fear of flying because of many stories I see on the news about planes crashes; however, thousands of safe flights happen daily. What is this an example of?
Availability Bias
161
If we were talking about going to a movie theater, you probably have developed a mental representation of going to the movies. What is this called?
Situational Model
162
The shared knowledge between two people in a conversation is known as what?
Common ground
163
Followers of this hypothesis believe we developed complex thoughts as a result of our need to be in larger groups for survival.
Social brain hypothesis
164
Words are created by combining these, which are basic units of speech sounds, like "th" "r" and "ee" in the word "three"
Phonemes
165
What are the two main parts of long term memory? What are the differences between the two?
Explicit - things that you are consciously aware of
Implicit - things you're not consciously aware of (breathing, digestion, etc)
166
An example of this type of processing is when you are trying to study for an exam and have to put in a lot of energy and attention to encode it.
Effortful processing
