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Psychology exam 2 > Psych exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

melatonin

A

hormone released in response to daily cycles of light and dark

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2
Q

Microsleep

A

brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep

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3
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Hypersomnia: excessive daytime sleepiness

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4
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

Inattention, irritability, Sleep-deprivation psychosis: loss of contact with reality

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5
Q

Sleep: Stage 1

A

Small, irregular brain waves

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6
Q

Sleep: stage 2

A

Burst of brain wave activity that indicates a person is asleep (sleep spindles)

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7
Q

Stage 3&4

A

Deep sleep; Delta waves

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8
Q

REM sleep

A

Sleep marked by rapid eye movements, dreaming, reflects brain activity when awake

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9
Q

sleep apnea

A

Person stops breathing during sleep

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10
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep

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11
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden irresistible sleep attack

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12
Q

Psychodynamic dream theory

A

internal conflicts and unconscious forces

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13
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Many dreams express unconscious desires

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14
Q

Activation-synthesis

A

dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharged of REM sleep

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15
Q

Neurocognitive dream theory

A

Dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions

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16
Q

state-theory of hypnosis

A

“split” in awareness

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17
Q

autosuggestion

A

self-hypnosis

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18
Q

stimulant

A

substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system

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19
Q

depressant

A

substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system

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20
Q

Hallucinogen

A

substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions

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21
Q

binge drinking

A

downing 5 or more drinks in a short time

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22
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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23
Q

classical conditioning

A

A form of learning where reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

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24
Q

stimulus generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

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25
stimulus discrimination
learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
26
higher order conditioning
CS is strong enough to be used as an Unconditioned stimulus
27
CER
an emotional response that is linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
28
Vicarious classical conditioning
Respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person’s emotional reactions
29
operant conditioning
learned consequences
30
Law of effect
Responses that lead to desired effects are repeated; those that lead to undesired effects are not
31
Reinforcement
Something that increases response or behavior
32
Positive (reinforcements or punishments)
Something is added after behavior
33
Negative (reinforcements or punishments)
Something is taken away after behavior
34
Primary reinforcers
non-learned reinforcers, usually those that satisfy physiological needs
35
Disadvantages of punishment
Escape, Avoidance, Aggression
36
Factors that affect the effectiveness of punishment
Timing, Consistency, Intensity
37
Shaping
Molding responses gradually in a step by step fashion to a desired pattern
38
Extinction
Weakening of a learned response when it is not followed by a reinforcement
39
Generalization
tendency to respond to similar stimuli to those that preceded reinforcement
40
Latent learning
Learning not immediately observable in the organism's behavior
41
Cognitive
Higher level learning involving thinking knowing and understanding
42
Fixed ratio
number of correct responses a subject must give to receive reinforcement
43
Variable ratio
varying number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer
44
Fixed interval
first correct response made after the set time period has passed is reinforced
45
Variable interval
varying time period must pass before a subject’s correct response can be reinforced
46
Encoding
Putting information
47
Storage
Holding information for later use
48
Retrieval
Recovery of stored information
49
Sensory
What is seen or heard | (holds large amounts of information) 1-2 secs
50
Short-term memory
holds small amounts of information for short periods of time
51
Long term memory
An unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy period of time
52
Iconic memories
Mental image or visual representation
53
Echoic memory
sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard
54
Selective attention
Puts information into the short term memory
55
Chunking
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
56
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory
57
Procedural memory
holds long term memories for how to do things that require motor or performance skills
58
Declarative memory
Stores specific factual information ex. Names, faces, words
59
Sematic memory
mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge
60
Episodic memory
Personal experiences
61
Implicit memory
A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously
62
Explicit memory
recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved
63
retrieval cues
Stimuli that aid retrieval
64
Recognition
ability to correctly identify previously learned information
65
Recall
a direct retrieval or facts or information with a minimum of external cues
66
serial position effect
when remembering an ordered list, the tendency to forget the middle items
67
Flashbulb memories
Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event
68
Consolidation
process where permanent memories are formed in the brain
69
False memory syndrome
A memory that can seem true but is not
70
encoding failure
failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
71
Decay
The strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve
72
Disuse
Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved
73
Retrieval failure
Failure to access memories even though they are available
74
Retroactive interference
tendency for new learning to inhibit retrieval of old learning
75
Proactive
when prior learning inhibits recall of later learning
76
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting events that occured before an injury or trauma
77
Anterograde amnesia
Forgetting events that follow an injury or trauma
78
hippocampus
Acts as a switching station between short term and long term memory
79
Spaced practice
A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests
80
infantile amnesia
Inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of two to four year
81
encoding specificity
Memories are easily retrieved if external conditions at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored
82
context-dependent memory
Improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Psychology exam 2 (1 decks)

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