Psych exam 3

Question 1

what is drive reduction theory?

Answer 1

Unmet needs create discomfort known as a drive that motivates need-fulfillment actions

Question 2

what is optimal arousal theory?

Answer 2

People are motivated to seek optimal levels of arousal (not too much or too little)

Question 3

what is set point?

Answer 3

The optimal level for comfort

Question 4

what is homeostasis?

Answer 4

People want to stabilize their emotions and body back to the their set point

Question 5

The Yerkes-Dodson Curve?

Answer 5

The idea that having some anxiety can be good and can lead to success

Question 6

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?

Answer 6

People have five fundamental needs: we can not satisfy needs in whatever order

Question 7

What are the levels?

Answer 7

Psychological: food, water, warmth, sleep, oxygen (basic necessities to live)
Safety: security, protection, freedom from threats
Belonging and love: acceptance and friendship
Esteem: good self opinion, accomplishment, reputation
Self actualization: living to full potential (the top level must complete in order to get here)

Question 8

Compare intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation

Answer 8

Intrinsic is doing something with no extra reward (needed in order to thrive)
Extrinsic is doing something for a reward

Question 9

What is over justification effect?

Answer 9

When motivation to do things is overly driven by rewards

Question 10

What is need to belong?

Answer 10

Long lasting desire to form a frequent quality and quantity social interaction

Question 11

What are the two facets of need to belong?

Answer 11

Quality: Have meaningful connections with intimacy and passion

Quantity: Seeing, hearing, touching each other often (social media can effect this)

Question 12

What is social pain theory?

Answer 12

The brain processes emotional pain and physical

Question 13

What is the emotional reaction and behavioral reaction to rejection?

Answer 13

Emotional: numbness
Behavioral: aggression

Question 14

What is rejection sensitivity?

Answer 14

People become hyper attentive to social information following rejection

Question 15

what are two different reductions?

Answer 15

Reduction in intelligence: intrusive thoughts

Reductions in self control: turning to substances

Question 16

what is James-Lange theory?

Answer 16

Emotions are produced by physiological reactions in our body

Question 17

what is central criticism?

Answer 17

Different emotions can have the exact same psychological reactions

Question 18

What is Appraisal theory and its associated laws?

Answer 18

Emotions are produced by appraisals which refers to the meaning we assign to our feelings

Associated laws:
Law of concern: we have to care or be concerned about the stimulus
Law of situational meaning: people have different feelings for situations
Law of causation: assigning blame or responsibility to your feelings

Question 19

What is Misattribution of arousal?

Answer 19

The tendency for people to occasionally mis-appraise the reason for their affective reaction (blaming others or unrelated things for our feelings)
ex. displaced aggression

Question 20

What is Affect as information theory?

Answer 20

People use their emotions as a decision-shortcut/heuristic (environments can effect decisions)
-Simplifies complex decisions
-Seasonal depression

Question 21

What is the Impact bias and explain two causes of the impact bias?

Answer 21

Impact bias: thinking future situations are going to have a far greater impact on our feelings than they really do

Two causes:
-Tend to under appreciate that our emotions will always go back to baseline (hedonic treadmill)
-Tend to have very little empathy for how future situations can affect our feelings (empathy gap)

Question 22

What are reasons for happiness paradox?

Answer 22

Wealth becomes normalized and does not feel special anymore after the basic necessity, more money more problems, comparing life to others (instagram)

Question 23

Compare Normative vs. informational social influence?

Answer 23

Normative influence: going along with the crowd in order to fit in, be liked, and accepted
-Pledging for a frat or sorority
Ex. someone passing away from amount of alcohol consumed to fit in and be accepted
Ex. jaywalking

Informational influence: going along with the crowd because you think the crowd knows best
Ex. First day of college- new rules more lenient, looking to other students for answers

Question 24

Latane & Darley’s model for bystander effect:

Answer 24

Step 1: notice something is wrong
Step 2: interpret as emergency
Step 3: diffusion of responsibility
Step 4: Competence
Step 5: Providing help

Question 25

What is Pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 25

Looking to others for cues about weather to help while others are doing the same

Question 26

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 26

Thinking someone else will help

Question 27

What is perpetual salience?

Answer 27

Using a stereotype to explain a behavior "boys will be boys"

Question 28

what is in group favoritism?

Answer 28

thinking the group you support is better for example sports

Question 29

what is out group homogeneity bias?

Answer 29

categorizing people all look the same

Question 30

what is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 30

Compete over resources breeds intergroup hostility Ex. Competition

Question 31

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 31

Fear/anxiety of confirming stereotypes that may reduce performance on tasks

Question 32

What is working self-concept theory?

Answer 32

A single coherent idea that incorporates self knowledge (processing self knowledge)

Question 33

Explain Distinctiveness effect?

Answer 33

We define who we are based on what makes of stand out in our surroundings Ex. Age, gender

Question 34

What is Social comparison theory?

Answer 34

Similar: comparing skill to someone similar to yourself Upward: comparing to someone professional which lower self esteem Downward: comparing yourself to someone younger or less experienced to boost ego

Question 35

What are the 3 Motives for self-knowledge?

Answer 35

Appraisal motive- they want truth and nothing but the truth even if it hurts Self enhancement (we do want to do this at some level)- pay more attention to favorable feedback than criticism Self verification- want to keep hearing things about themselves that they think is the they want to make sure the idea they have of themselves is consistent

Question 36

What are the 3 primary self-illusions?

Answer 36

Better than average effect Unrealistically Optimistic Illusion of control

Question 37

What are the benefits and costs of high self-esteem?

Answer 37

-happiness -intuitive cost: high self esteem takes more risks, can be more aggressive, academic success

Question 38

Define Freud’s structure of personality and defense mechanisms?

Answer 38

The ego will try to convince you that the id (bad behavior is not that bad) and superego is good things (conscious)

Question 39

What is Carl Rogers person-centered approach?

Answer 39

-humanistic psychologist -child who is constantly feeling like a disappointment feel they can only be happy under parent approval therapy was to create unconditional love for oneself

Question 40

What is the Big Five theory and Eysenck's theory of personality traits?

Answer 40

Openness: novelty seeking; need for stimulation; variety Conscientiousness: sensitive to duties and obligations; on time for events; organized Extraversion: energetic, outgoing, energized when social Agreeableness: non-confrontational; submissive; cooperative, sympathetic Neuroticism: anxiety-laden; emotional instability; paranoid; worry; fear

Question 41

What are the four facets involved in diagnosing psychological disorders?

Answer 41

Distress- must cause distress constantly Dysfunction- impacts the daily routine Deviates from norm Social concern- evoke a significant amount of concern from people around you

Question 42

Explain the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 42

A person's likelihood of experiencing mental illness is a combination of a person's genetics and trauma

Question 43

Compare the following anxiety disorders: -generalized -phobias -panic disorder

Answer 43

Generalized anxiety disorder: no specific cause, feeling overwhelmed Phobia: specific objects/situations -social anxiety Panic disorder: unpredictable, intense feeling of dread of impending doom -psychical distress

Question 44

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder how do classical and operant conditioning relate to OCD?

Answer 44

OCD: unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) to reduce anxiety Classical:many environmental triggers Operant: a cycle of negative enforcement

Question 45

Explain bipolar disorder

Answer 45

Mood changes: can last for short or long periods of time Either manic which would be energized, impulsive moods or Depressed moods

Question 46

Describe Borderline personality disorder vs bi polar

Answer 46

Borderline personality disorder: personality disorder we have a unstable sense of self Positive: rose colored glasses on for others or themselves Negative: hate relationship partner or themselves Bipolar: unstable mood Positive: manic episode Negative: depression

Question 47

Explain the learned Helplessness Model of depression

Answer 47

Depression: Stable: “I will never get over this” Global: “Without my partner I can't do anything right” Internal: “Our break up was all my fault” Successful coping: Temporary: “This is hard to take but I will get over it” Specific: “I miss my partner but thankfully I have family and friends” External: “It takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn’t meant to be”

Question 48

What are depression Cycles?

Answer 48

Behaviors from depression can lead to more depression 1. Stressful experiences 2. Negative explanatory style 3. Depressed mood 4. Cognitive and behavior changes