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Psych > Psych Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How does each model of therapy vary?

A

Each model varies in
Theory of how disorders develop
Goals (use different perspectives)
Techniques
Format (e.g. location; people involved —> e.g. individual/group/relationships
Most therapists are eclectic —> use multiple models

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2
Q

current problems are caused by

A

buried emotions and conflicts

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3
Q

Aspects of our deepest selves (our emotions and motives) come into conflict

A

discomforting

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4
Q

We respond by keeping aspects of ourselves unconscious

A

out of awareness (repressed)

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5
Q

Origins of problems are found in

A

earlier experiences, especially in childhood

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6
Q

Inner working model

A

a mental representation formed through a child’s early experiences with their primary caregiver.

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7
Q

If an inner working model is disturbed it can lead to

A

problems in current relationships

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8
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Theory of how disorders develop

Psychoanalysis: Freud’s lab for developing his theories (his sessions w/ his patients)

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9
Q

Goal of Psychodynamic Therapy

A
  • insight into repeated damaging problems
  • Develop conscious awareness of unconscious conflicts
  • Cultivate a more positive “inner working model”
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10
Q

Must avoid “symptom substitution” with Psychodynamic Therapy

A

if a patient does not gain insight into unconscious conflict causing current symptoms, new symptoms will develop

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11
Q

Free association

A

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient speaks about thoughts as to someone from the past

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12
Q

Transference

A

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient responds to therapist as to someone from the past

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13
Q

Resistance

A

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient avoids dealing w/ some aspect of therapy

  • Identification of current negative patterns in relationships
  • stops of the tongue (unconscious)
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14
Q

Interpretation and insight

A

Final and most essential step in Psychodynamic Therapy: therapist interprets material uncovered through other techniques

- provided insight into behavior or dynamics
- relates content behavior to patients earlier history
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15
Q

Goal of Humanistic Therapy

A

to promote the natural tendency toward growth by increasing awareness of present experiences and integrating those into a whole self

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16
Q

Techniques of Humanistic Therapy: Phenomenological method

A

the clients ongoing experience in the moment during the session is the main source of information

focus on how the client perceives the world

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17
Q

Techniques of Humanistic Therapy: Therapist-client relationship

A

Egalitarian; also the therapist demonstrates:
unconditional positive regard: acceptance of the client
empathy: ability to see the world through the client’s eyes
geniuses: honesty (authenticity)

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18
Q

Reflection

A

therapists communicates understanding of clients message

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19
Q

In-session tasks

A

Designed to promote awareness

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20
Q

Goal of behavior therapy

A

change behavior by applying learning principles

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21
Q

Exposure

A

hierarchy of exposure (working your way up.
gradual exposure to feared CS in absence of the UCS
response prevention: prevent avoidant response
extinction occurs
Used to treat anxiety, based on classical conditioning

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22
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Counterconditioning: pair feared situation w/ relaxation
Gradually expose person to real or imagined feared stimulus while relaxed
Relaxation becomes CR to stimulus
Used to treat anxiety, based on classical conditioning

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23
Q

Aversion therapy

A

goal is to get rid of undesirable behaviors (e.g. smoking) by classically conditioning
e.g. pairing smoking cigarettes w/ an undesirable sensation to make you associate cigs w/ that sensation

24
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

increase or decrease behavior through reinforcement or punishment

25
Q

Functional analysis of behavior

A

Begin by determining context in which behavior occurs

A – Antecedent events: situations in which problematic behavior occurs
B – Behavior - the problematic behavior you want to alter
C – Consequences of behavior - (reinforcement or punishment) —> interns of operant conditioning

Then modify the antecedents and the consequences.
Behavior modification: An example involving autism (video)
*teaching lisa to sit.
*teaching lisa leads to tantrums —> goal is to modify behavior (e.g. tantrums)

26
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Cognitive ABC model (see Anxiety Disorders lecture)
B’s: client is not aware of them, but they are not fully unconscious
change B’s in order to change behaviors and emotions

27
Q

Cognitive therapy: Socratic dialogue

A

therapist designs questions to help client evaluate beliefs objectively
“what’s the evidence?”

28
Q

Cognitive therapy: Behavioral experiments

A

beliefs are testable hypotheses
carry out experiments to test beliefs —> perfectionism allows yourself to make mistakes (shows that you that you’ll survive.)

29
Q

spontaneous remission

A

people sometimes spontaneously get better (w/out therapy)

30
Q

Does therapy work? Control groups: No treatment

A

controls for spontaneous remission but not placebo; a little unethical

31
Q

Does therapy work? Control groups: Placebo

A

give them something but not real therapy; also unethical

32
Q

Does therapy work? Control groups: established treatment

A

pit new therapy against already established, working therapy; ethical

33
Q

Does therapy work?

A

yes
often works as well or better than drugs
One of the most important contributions of psychology to society

34
Q

What are the three types of social influence (weak to strong)

A

Conformity
Compliance
Obedience

35
Q

Why are social situations so powerful?

A

we want to be a part of a group, we look to others to determine the right way to behave, we want to feel good about ourselves.

36
Q

Conformity

A

Doing what others do; matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms

37
Q

Informational conformity

A

assume ppl know something you don’t know so you look to them for info

38
Q

Normative conformity

A

you want to be liked/fit in/don’t want to be rejected

39
Q

What influences conformity

A
  • greater in collectivistic versus individualist cultures

* increases as group size increases from 1 to 5 or 6, then levels off

40
Q

Bystander effect when the situation is more dangerous the bystander effect increase or decrease? (Fisher et al)

A

it would decrease meaning you are more likely to intervene.

41
Q

Fleeson on personality traits?

A

Across situations traits can vary however on average your personality traits remain the same. “On average you’ll be 80% extraverted but different situations can change that.” The correlation for this is .9—so very high.

42
Q

Gal & Rucker on doubt?

A

if you believe in yourself you are more confident in your argument. Doubt in your beliefs makes you not argue as much. If the argument is more important to you then you will argue more for it.

43
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Who takes the blame

44
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Personal - blaming the person for what happened

Situational - blaming the situation for what happened

overestimate the personality and underestimate the situation when looking at others. When it happens to yourself you underestimate personality and overestimate situations.

45
Q

What are the big five (OCEAN)

A

Conscientiousness
Duckworth and Seligman: self-discipline predicts school outcomes

Extraversion
Fleeson: acting extraverted benefited both extroverts and introverts

Neuroticism
Big predictor of Psychological disorders
Negative emotion
Sensitivity to threats
Increases w/ higher stress and adversity

Agreeableness

Openness to experience

46
Q

Personality situation debate

A

The first argument said that personality has a small correlation to how you behave. Personality coefficient. Personality psychologists had a counter argument saying it isn’t small it’s moderate.

47
Q

How do psychologists define happiness?

A

Subjective well-being (SWB)
High positive affect
Low negative affect
Overall sense of life satisfaction

48
Q

predictors of happiness?

A 
High self-esteem 
Big 5 (extraversion and neuroticism; conscientiousness is also moderately related)
Close relationships
Meaningful religion
Sleep and exercise
Heritable .4-.5
49
Q

Wealth and Subjective Well Being?

A

Correlation BETWEEN country’s wealth and SWB (hard to interpret; confounds); correlation between wealth and SWB within a country (e.g. USA); basic level of wealth needed; other factors are important once basic level is achieved

Income more than $75,000 yields no increase in positive emotions

50
Q

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic goals

A

Extrinsic (e.g. money, good grades) Intrinsic (e.g. close relationships, learning)

Lower happiness/vitality for extrinsic goals
Once you’ve reached that goal it is positive but it is short lived and now you want to achieve a higher goal

Higher happiness/vitality for intrinsic
Your happiness level is static, happy once you reach your goal.

51
Q

Flooding therapy

A

putting someone directly into a situation they fear to have them conquer it rather than exposure which is gradually exposing them to what they fear.

52
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

pairing behavior with a negative consequence. Smoking cigs feels good so giving them gum that tastes bad as well as a cig will make them associate that taste with cigs over time

53
Q

Compliance

A

Change in behavior or attitude as a result of a request from another person

54
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change

55
Q

Foot in the door

A

Asking someone a small request that they comply to then moving on to a bigger request which they also comply to.

56
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

if someone does something for you then you are obligated to return the favor

57
Q

Door in the face

A

Start with a large request which is reject then move on to a smaller request to which a person agrees to because they feel like since they said no the first time they should say yes to the second thing.

Psych (4 decks)

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