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psych exam Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

date information

A

collected through formal observation or measurement

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3
Q

scientific method

A

used to create knowledge about the causes of behavior

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4
Q

levels of explanation

A

perspectives used to understand behavior

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5
Q

individual differences

A

variations among people on physical or psychological dimensions

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6
Q

basic research

A

answers questions about behavior

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7
Q

applied research

A

finds solutions to everyday problems

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8
Q

empirical

A

when psychologists study topics that interest them, and collect and organize data and draw conclusions from it

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9
Q

objective

A

without personal attachment

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10
Q

theory

A

integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all relationships within a given domain of inquiry

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11
Q

research hypothesis

A

specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables

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12
Q

variable

A

any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different times or places

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13
Q

measured variables

A

variables consisting of numbers that represent conceptual values

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14
Q

operational definition

A

a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measurable value

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15
Q

ethical research

A

when the costs and benefits are weighed against each other

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16
Q

deception

A

whenever a research participant is not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

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17
Q

research design

A

specific method a researches uses to collect, analyze and interpret data

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18
Q

descriptive research

A

research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

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19
Q

sample

A

people chosen to participate in research

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20
Q

population

A

all of the people the researcher wishes to know about

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21
Q

correlational research

A

designed to discover relationships among variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

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22
Q

common causal variable (third variable)

A

correlation does not imply causation (example of women taking hormone replacement therapy=less heart disease) not connected (women on HRT came from wealthier backgrounds and had better diets)

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23
Q

spurious correlation

A

relationship between variables in which a common causal variable produces and “explains away” the relationship

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24
Q

experimental research

A

research that provides more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among variables in the research hypothesis than is available from correlational designs

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25
independent variable
causing variable that is created (manipulated)
26
dependent variable
measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation
27
intelligence
ability to think, learn, and solve problems, as well as adapt to new situations
28
fluid intelligence
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities- able to solve never before seen problems
29
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired through our life
30
Flynn effect
observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades
31
env. and intelligence
upper class households provide safety, nutrition, and support. these factors become more varied in low income homes
32
emotional intelligence
ability to accurately identify, assess and understand emotions (control)
33
eugenics
proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged as desirable
34
stereotype threat
performance decrements caused by knowledge of cultural stereotypes
35
growth spurters
told teachers kids were going to have a growth spurt- teacher focused more on them- IQ went up
36
entity theory
intelligence is fixed
37
incremental theory
intelligence can change- setbacks can result in change and from change comes learning
38
growth spurters study
Rosenthal and Jacobson- explain
39
stereotype threat study
steele and aronson H-racial diff. on intelligence tests due to fear of confirming negative stereotype IV-race of students (B&W) IV2-description of difficult test (control condition) test is measure of intelligence (experimental condition) test is a series of puzzles results- black students did poorly when they thought the test was measuring intelligence due to stereotype threat. when they thought the test was a series of puzzles their performance increased and the white students performance decreased
40
stereotype threat study 2
steele, aronson, and quinn H-gender diff. on math tests due to fear of confirming negative stereotype IV1- gender (men&women) IV2-description of math test (control condition) gender differences (experimental condition) NO gender differences DV- performance on math test women performed equal to men when they did not believe the test was confirming the stereotype of gender
41
consciousness
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
42
circadian rhythm
guides daily waking and sleeping cycles in many animals
43
REM
sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming
44
dreams
succession of images, thoughts, sounds and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping
45
consolidation
we dream about the things being moved to long term memory
46
meditation
techniques where individual focuses on something specific, with the goal of ignoring external distractions, and achieves relaxation
47
Kirkpatrick et al
women in meditation training showed- better ability to focus on important senses. better ability to tune out unimportant senses. greater self awareness.
48
cognition
acquiring and using knowledge
49
flashbulb memory
vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well
50
propositions
squirrels eat burritos- a statement that may or may not be true based on personal reference
51
node
meeting place for various connections associated with a topic
52
associative link
connections between nodes in the netword
53
spreading activation
activity in one node flows to other nodes through links ("turns on") another thought. strength of link depends on experience
54
heuristics
info processing strategies that are useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied
55
representativeness heuristic
when we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen. while ignoring other potentially more relevant statistical information(flipping a coin(
56
availability heruistic
tendency to make judgments of the frequency or likelihood that an event occurs on the basis of the ease whith which it can be retrieved from memory (words that start with R vs. words that have "R" as the third letter)
57
controlled cognitive process
requires attention
58
automatic process
does not require attention
59
stroop effect
is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., "blue", "green", or "red") is printed in a color which is not denoted by the name (i.e., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. This demonstrates controlled cognitive processes vs automatic.
60
creativity
tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems
61
9/11 study
explain
62
do people see what confirms their stereotypes?
``` Darley and Gross H- people will see a students behavior consistent with stereotypes -wealthy vs poor Experiment: manipulate 2 variables IV1- description of hannah IV2-seeing her performance on test DV- evaluation of hannahs ability ``` those who saw hannah represented as wealthy noticed her correct scores. the opposite for those who were told she was poor
63
memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
64
explicit memory
knowledge or experience that can be consciously remembered
65
recall memory test
a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing back info that has previously been remembered
66
recognition memory test
measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether info has been seen or learned before
67
relearning
assess how much more quickly info is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten
68
implicit memory
influence of experience on behavior, even if individual is not aware of the influences
69
priming
changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently
70
sensory memory
brief storage of sensory info
71
short term memory
the place where small amounts of info can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute (basket)
72
working memory
processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store info in short term memory (secretary filing)
73
long term memory
memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years
74
encoding
process by which we place the things that we experience into memory
75
elaborative encoding
processing new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful
76
retrieval
reactivating information that has been stored in memory
77
Hirst et al
9/11 study IV- content of the memory experimental condition: where were you when you heard about the attacks on 9/11? control condition: what did you do yesterday? DV- how accurate is the memory? results: details of memories decreased with time and the amt of inacurrate facts increased
78
loftus and palmer
post event info video clip=2 cars in accident asked viewers to recall info but the questions were framed using "leading" terms. how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED, HIT, CONTACTED... people remembered accident differently based on this
79
false memories (kassin)
IV1- slow paced or fast paced typing IV2-witness or no witness DV- what % sign "confession" what % believe they committed the crime? What % created details to support their false memory that never happened?

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