Psych Final Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is a teratogen?
A
Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing organism during gestation, particularly during the period of the embryo
2
Q
What are the three periods developing babies undergo in the womb?
A
Period of Zygote: A time during prenatal development, between conception and 2 weeks. Cells begin duplicating, creating a ball called blastocyst
Period of Embryo: Blastocyst binds to uterine lining, stays up until 8 weeks. Period when the foetus is most vulnerable to teratogens. All major organs undergo serious development
Period of the Foetus: Final stage of pregnancy. Characterised by refinements and serious bodily growth. Can also learn things about their external environments, such as their native language or music that their mum listens too etc
3
Q
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A
A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall.
4
Q
What is the difference between Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal principles of development?
A
- Cephalocaudal believes that foetuses are developed from top down
- Proximodistal believes that foetuses develop from their internal organs towards their extremities (outwardly)
5
Q
Who created constructivism and what are it’s principles?
A
Jean Piaget developed a broad account of various stages of cognitive development from birth to adolescence, he believed that children are active contributors to their own learning—that is, they construct their own knowledge
6
Q
What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation?
A
- Assimilation: According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures.
- Accommodation: When information on something is missing, a new identity for it is created. E.G if you see a weird dog, instead of assimilating it based on regular, known characteristics of a dog, you create a whole new profile for it as it’s an unique entity.
7
Q
What are the four stages of development after birth?
A
- Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs):
Learning via motor abilities - Preoperational (2-7 yrs):
Can remember the past, issues with symbolism and low regard for others - Concrete operational (7-11 yrs):
Passes conservation tasks, reasons well about concrete events, difficulty with abstract thinking - Formal operation (12+ yrs):
Can think and reason hypothetically
8
Q
Describe sociocultural theory
A
Vygotsky portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised
9
Q
What is the zone of proximal development?
A
In Vygotsky’s theory of learning, the distance between what a child can accomplish on his/her own and what he/she can accomplish with some assistance.
10
Q
What is the difference between Insecure-resistant and Insecure-avoidant attachment?
A
- Insecure-avoidant Attachment: In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterised by avoidance of a primary caregiver upon reunion after separation; may be born of out parental disengagement with the infant.
- Insecure-resistant Attachment: In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterised by being clingy after the parent returns; may be born out of inconsistent parental responsiveness.
11
Q
What are the three types of conventional mortalities?
A
- Pre-conventional morality:
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards. - Conventional morality:
The second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as “good” or “bad” by others. - Post-conventional morality:
The final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of societal expectations or the judgement of others
12
Q
According to socioemotional selectivity theory:
Younger adults will value _______-related goals and older adults will place emphasis on ________-related goals
A
information, emotion
13
Q
Try and know these, like a 4/10 importance
A
14
Q
Names:
_____ did physiological tests, on the senses, to determine intelligence. His methods and results were fruitless
_____ made IQ tests for kids and assigned them a “mental age”
______ decided the test results shouldn’t compare to age, however they should be compared to everyone else’s results. So creating an average result based on a huge test group sample and comparing based off of that. Called deviation IQ
A
Galton
Binet
Wechsler
Note:
IQ = (mental age/ chronological age) X 100
15
Q
What is inspection time?
A
Proposed by Nettlebeck and Lalley for measuring the time it takes to perform a simple task, the time variance is what separates people based on intelligence
16
Q
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
A
- Fluid intelligence = use new information that isn’t already known to solve a problem, novelty solutions and flexibility are characteristics, decreases as we age, hits its apex at middle age.
- Crystallised intelligence = using already possessed information to solve problems. Consistently increases as we age
17
Q
What are the differences between factor and component analysis
A
Factor: How intelligent someone is
Component: What makes someone intelligent
18
Q
Charles Darwin originally suggested that emotions are adaptive and function as communication through three principles . The three principles of emotions are?
A
a) serviceable habits, emphasizes that the way emotions are expressed serves a purpose in non-human animals but not people
b) antithesis, how opposite emotions have opposite bodily expressions
c) direct action of the excited nervous system on the body emphasizes how emotions result in perceivable changes in the nervous system
19
Q
Describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A
- We perceive the physical stimulus from the natural environment.
- We express the emotion publicly—physiological changes occur as a result of perceiving the physical stimulus (e.g., facial muscles contort)
- We acknowledge the privately experienced emotion.
20
Q
Describe the Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotions
A
- We perceive the physical stimulus in the environment.
- We simultaneously produce bodily or facial expression changes and acknowledge the emotion
21
Q
According to Clark Hull what are the two parts to a conditioned response?
A
a) the physical stimulus related to producing rewards that we encounter in the environment and b) the perception of a goal-related stimulus.
22
Q
What is an occasion setter according to B.F Skinner
A
An event that tells the organism that something is about to occur (A cue / signal)
23
Q
Belongingness, or constrained learning, is a type of ____-______ learning in which it is easier to condition some responses to certain outcomes. For instance, it is easier for a rat to learn that _____, rather than a _____ stimulus, signals an illness-inducing toxin
A
cue-consequence
flavor
visual
24
Q
What are the differences between the Bruce and Whitten effects?
A
The Bruce effect can also occur when a female mouse’s pregnancy is terminated within the first few days by a new male
The Whitten effect is typically produced by introducing a male (or his smell) and can induce ovulation in multiple female rats simultaneously.
Both situations help male rats produce more offspring
25
Describe the Coolidge effect
When you get used to mating with the same female, when a new one comes along you are more inclined to mate with them.
Note: Only applies if you're a cunt
26
Describe the rivalry sensitivity hypothesis
Women tend to focus on other women in their mans vicinity, whereas when men notice rival men in their gfs vicinity they focus on their girl
27
Describe Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence's drive-reduction theory?
Need is determined by a combination of learning and a person's physiology, and need intensity will be reflected in the intensity of responding.
28
The _____ principle states that _____ are preferred activities and that you'll do some less preferred activity to access the preferred activity
Premack
reinforcers
29
What's the difference between establishing and abolishing operations?
- Establishing operation Increase the effectiveness of reinforcers and evoke behavior related to obtaining them.
- Abolishing operation Decrease the effectiveness of reinforcers and decrease behavior related to obtaining them.
30
The method of ____ _______ required the individual to say whatever came to their mind
free association
31
With dream analysis:
The _____ content is what the dreamer remembers and, according to Freud, is the disguised content.
The _____ content is the expression of the unconscious mind and a reflection of a person’s true feelings, needs, and desires.
manifest
latent
32
According to Freud what are the three components that make up personality
- The ID:
Is the core component of personality and is located completely in the unconscious mind
- Ego:
As the component of the mind that can subdue the id’s sexual and aggressive impulses to wait for the “right time and right place.”
- Superego:
Exists at all three levels of conscious awareness and is based on a sense of morality reflecting family values, official laws, social conventions, religious beliefs, and a personal moral code
33
_____ anxiety informs the ego of real danger (e.g., a car is drifting into your lane).
_____ anxiety notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating a moral code (e.g., you want to cheat on a test).
_____ anxiety warns the ego of the threatening expression of id impulses at the level of conscious awareness (e.g., you want to scream out loud while sitting in a boring class)
Reality
Moral
Neurotic
34
Jung proposed the ______ ______ which he believed was interconnected through past experiences to other individuals across generations
collective unconscious
35
Match the names with their motivators of personality:
1. Adler
2. Horney
3. Bandura
1. Self-esteem
2. Striving for superiority
3. Search for social security
1 - 6
2 - 5
3 - 4
36
What are the differences between moving away, towards and against people?
Toward:
- The individual does and says certain things in the hopes that others will like and take care of them
Away:
- The individual withdraws emotionally in the hopes that others will not be able to harm them
Against:
- The individual tries to harm others first in the hopes of preventing others from doing harm to them
37
_____ positive regard serves to stifle personal growth by placing limits on the acceptance people give to others. The way in which you can help others reach self-fulfillment is by treating them with _______ positive regard, which includes displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect for an individual,
Conditional
unconditional
38
Describe a locus of control
According to Rotter- A person’s belief in the extent to which they control what happens to them
Internal = Belief in their control
External = Lack in control
39
What is concordance rate?
The degree of similarity between any set of twins on any measure of personality is assessed using the correlation coefficient
40
What is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
A network of structures in the midbrain that acts as a filter, is responsible for regulating arousal in the brain, and is linked with the personality dimension of introversion and extraversion
41
Describe Eysenck's Three-Factor Theory
Consists of three trait dimensions: - extraversion-introversion
- neuroticism-emotional stability
- psychoticism-impulse control
42
What assesses 10 trait-like clinical dimensions of personality and contains 567 test questions to which individuals must respond in a fixed format by selecting from three response alternatives: true, false, or cannot say
The MMPI-2
43
__________ ________ of personality assessment involve asking an individual to respond to ambiguous test items that do not appear to have any clear or specific meaning
Projective techniques
44
_________ measures involve linking certain bodily processes, such as heart rate, muscle tension, and skin conductance (i.e., “sweating”), to different dimensions of personality
Electrophysiological
45
_________ measures involve linking certain levels of electrical activity in different regions of the brain with different dimensions of personality.
Cortical
46
Match with definitions
1. Repression
2. Sublimation
3. Projection
4. Reaction Formation
5. Regression
6. Displacement
7. Denial
8. Rationalisation
1. Putting your emotions onto others (accusing s/o of cheating when you are the adulterer)
2. Transforming inappropriate instincts into socially acceptable expressions
3. Providing a fabricated valid excuse for cause of behaviour
4. Confronting a less threatening outlet with negative emotions instead of a threatening one
5. Forgetting bad memories
6. Consciously oppositely expression of negative emotions from subconscious
7. Refusal to believe hurtful information
8. Regressing to infantile reactions in the face of adversity
1 - 13
2 - 10
3 - 9
4 - 14
5 - 18
6 - 12
7 - 15
8 - 11
47
What are the five key factors that contribute to personality?
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion sociable
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
48
What are the phalic stages, their associated erogenous zone and what life lessons they teach?
1. Oral Stages (0-2 yrs):
- Mouth
- Willingness to delay gratification
2. Anal Stage (2-3):
- Anus
- When seeking pleasure there is a time and place
3. Phallic Stage (3-6):
- Genitals
- Go along to get along
4. Latency Stage (7-11):
- None
- It is good to know you are not alone
5. Genital Stage (11+):
- Genitals
- To get pleasure you must give pleasure
49
What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy in order of bottom to top
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualisation
50
What are psychiatrists?
Medical doctors (M.D. or D.O.) who have specialized in the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders
51
______ ________ typically treat individuals with more severe mental health concerns
______ _______ tend to work with individuals who currently find it difficult to cope with and adjust to life crises and stressors (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
Clinical psychologists
Counseling psychologists
52
What is a clinical social workers job?
Complete a master’s degree in social work (M.S.W.) and provide mental health care to a variety of populations in many different settings
53
What is trepenation?
Old mental health treatment where holes are drilled in the brain to release mental health demons
54
What is the difference between efficacy and efficiency ?
Efficacy is how well something works in a clinical lab setting
Efficiency is how well something works when implemented into the real world
55
What was the first antipsychotic?
Chlorpromazine, made by some french guys / gals
56
________ therapy and _____ induced ______ were antiquated and dangerous treatment methods which lead to the first generation of medications to treat psychological disorders. Known as ______ antipsychotics which work by blocking ______ receptors in the brain
Electroshock
insulin, seizures
typical
dopamine
57
What are extrapyramidal symptoms?
Disruption in an individual’s ability to consciously control their body movements
58
Describe secondary / atypical antipsychotics
While still acting on dopamine pathways in the brain, these medications tend to act on serotonin as well. Clozapine is an example
59
What are monoamines?
- serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- each class of antidepressant acts on these neurotransmitters in slightly different ways
- an imbalance of these leads to depression
60
Describe monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Present in antidepressants, allow mood-influencing neurotransmitters to remain in the synapse for longer periods of time.
- Act as a last resort pharmaceutical treatment
61
Describe tricyclic antidepressants
Affect brain chemistry by inhibiting reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Reuptake is a kind of neurotransmitter recycling process. SNRIs do the same thing but are less toxic
Note:
SNRI = Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
62
What do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do?
Are a first-line prescription which have high rates of effectiveness and lower risk of side effects.
63
What does ketamine do (non-recreationally)
- Will be used as a future antidepressant
- Targets glutamates, activating it
- Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, meaning it increases all manner of brain activity
64
Describe the function of anxiolytics
- Act on neurotransmitters in the brain
- The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is meant to calm the brain.
- E.G benzodiazepines.
Note: Ties into the paradoxal effect as long-term usage can cause symptoms that they are actually meant to treat
65
How does lithium help bipolarism?
The most efficacious and commonly prescribed mood stabilizer. There are however alternative medicines which are used in lieu, due to being safer
66
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
- A non-invasive procedure that uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate portions of the brain
67
What is Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- A more modern form of psychosurgery. This invasive technique involves implanting electrodes into the brain to electrically stimulate certain areas
68
_______ occurs when the patient redirects feelings (such as love or anger) for another person onto the therapist.
Transference
69
What is contingency management?
A common technique used in behavior therapy which involves the use of tangible rewards to reinforce appropriate behaviors
70
A _____ _______ uses objects or symbols that are earned in response to a desired behavior; the tokens can then be exchanged for some larger reinforcer of value
Token economy
71
What is the aim of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
To reduce inappropriate behaviors and increase effective communication, adaptive learning, and appropriate social behaviors
Note:
Meant for autistic people
72
Describe systematic desensitisation
- Developed by Wolpe
- Used to treat patients whose experience of anxiety is so overwhelming that it interferes with day-to-day life
- Require relaxation
- Determines fears
- Once stimuli are identified, they are given a rating between 1–100, known as the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)
73
Describe the flooding technique
When you make a patient face their fears over a long period of time until they become desensitized to it.
So if someone is afraid of snakes, put em inna room full of non-poisonous snakes until they get used to it and realise it is not that bad
74
What is person-centered therapy and what does it require from the therapist?
- Focuses on the role a patient has in their own treatment
Requires:
- Unconditional positive regard: The therapist is accepting, respectful, and caring toward the patient.
- Empathy: The therapist shows an understanding of the patient’s problems and emotions.
- Congruence: The therapist is genuine and authentic
75
_____ _______ helps the patient uncover hidden personal elements of self (such as traits / likes / dislikes) that were suppressed because of external disapproval
Gestalt therapy
Note:
The empty chair technique is an example. Put the patient in front of an empty chair, tell them to picture themselves (usually kid version) in it and tell that person what you wish you were told at that age.
76
How does cognitive therapy treat psychological disorders?
By teaching thought-management techniques to dispel negative thinking patterns
77
If you were being taught rational-emotive therapy by Albert Ellis what would he tell you to focus on?
The ABCs:
A – Adverse event: a situation or event that triggers a negative emotional or behavioral response
B – Beliefs: the core beliefs associated with the activating event
C – Consequences: the emotional or behavioral outcome caused by beliefs about the activating event (the psychological problem)
78
What is called the first wave of psychotherapy?
Behaviour therapy
79
What is considered the second wave of psychotherapy?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), focuses on information processing—specifically, how emotions and behaviors are influenced by maladaptive thought patterns
80
Beck’s ______ _____ represents an individual’s belief system about the ____, the _____, and the _____ that can make them more or less susceptible to depression.
cognitive triad
self
world
future
81
What is the third wave of psychotherapy?
Emphasizes mindfulness, acceptance, and individual values and goals
82
Even Hans Selye coined the term ______ to represent reactions to good stress and contrasted it with the word _____, which represents reactions to bad stress
eustress
distress
83
Describe the Maximal Adaptability Model
Emphasizes that humans and other organisms are actually highly adaptive to stressors and can maintain high levels of performance even when experiencing underload or overload in terms of the demands of the environment
84
The ______ is sometimes called the “neural _____,” because it responds to potential stressors rapidly and sometimes even before conscious awareness
amygdala
watchdog
85
Describe the hippocampus and its function
- Located adjacent to the amygdala
- Plays a key role in the consolidation of new memories
- Can promote activity in the sympathetic nervous system
86
Describe the prefrontal cortex and its function
- Is involved in higher-level processing of stimuli in our environment
- Allows us to increase or decrease our amygdala response to potential stressors based on perceptions of other factors that make the stressor more or less threatening
87
The ____________ nervous system is analogous to the gas pedal on your car, ramping up the stress response, whereas the ___________ nervous system is comparable to the brake pedal, dampening the stress response
sympathetic,
parasympathetic
88
Who conceptualised flight-or-fight
Walter Cannon
89
What is the inflammatory response?
- Activated by stressors
- Allows the body to cope with the increased risk for infection and injury that accompanies some stressors
Note:
If the inflammatory response gets out of control, even for a short time, it can cause sepsis and even death. As the levels of inflammatory proteins rise over time, we develop what is called chronic inflammation
90
What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisals ?
- Primary appraisals:
Based on your perceptions of the stressor's characteristics and how much demand it represents, as well as its relevance for you
- Secondary appraisals:
Based on your perceptions of the resources available for coping with a specific stressor
91
What is the difference between a threat and a challenge?
- Challenge:
Situations in which resources exceed the demands of the situation
- Threat:
Situations in which demands exceed the resources available for coping
92
In the ____ _____ _____Test, participants are exposed to the acute stressor of delivering a speech and performing challenging mental arithmetic in front of an audience (3 x 24 = ?)
Trier Social Stress
93
What does the diathesis-stress model believe?
Some people are genetically predisposed to stress-related disorders. Which are activated by environmental stress
94
What are the four types of stress supports outlined in the textbook?
- Emotional support refers to expressions of empathy, love, and caring when someone is experiencing stressors or high levels of perceived stress.
- Instrumental support includes tangible help, such as offering to take notes for someone who misses a class or bringing food to a friend who is dealing with a crisis.
- Informational support comprises the advice and information that people give us to change the impact of a stressor. For example, learning new study techniques from a classmate may reduce your perceived stress about a challenging college course.
- Appraisal support refers to help evaluating the demands of a situation and the resources available to cope with it.
95
At 7 weeks embryos develop protogenitals which are neither female nor male. Protogenitalia contain what three main structures?
- The Genital Tubercle:
Found at the top of genitals is the location of many nerve endings and develops into either the clitoris or the tip of the penis
- The Swelling:
Composed of two strips of flesh that fall below the tubercle. Turns into the lips for female or the shaft and sac for males
- The Gonads:
Develop either into ovaries in women or testicles in men
96
What are the spermarche and menarche?
Spermarche: First time a guy busts a nut
Menarche: First time a girl menstruates, controlled by leptin
97
__________ syndrome is an intersex phenomenon which leads to some men born with ___ chromosomes who develop breasts, small testes, no body hair ect
Klinefelter
XXY
98
What is the hypothalamus important for, according to the textbook?
Responsible for sexual arousal, as it controls how most hormones are secreted throughout the body
99
Men produce 10-20x more _________ than women but women don’t use as much to achieve the same affect. When it comes to empathy, women typically produce higher levels of _______ and _______, which are both related to empathy and nurturing behaviors
testosterone,
estrogen,
oxytocin
100
Studies suggest that a person’s sexual orientation may be strongly related to prenatal exposure to testosterone, specifically. This is likely because testosterone affects the development of what?
The hypothalamus which, as previously learned, regulates arousal.
101
What are the three stages of the sexual response cycle?
- Excitement:
Preparing to shag, vasocongestion
- Plateau Stage:
Once a person has reached peak arousal. Often, this occurs right before a person reaches orgasm
- Orgasm stage:
When you shoot your spunk
102
During sex, ________ is released to increase sexual desire and arousal, while _______ is released to increased physical sensitivity of the genitals. _______ is likened to the “Love” hormone.
dopamine
norepinephrine
Oxytocin
103
What were the three taught paraphilic disorders?
- Voyeurism:
Trying to see other people naked without their consent
- Exhibitionism:
When a person undresses or masturbates in front of others without their consent (Shoutout Louis C.K)
- Frotteurism:
Which is touching a non-consenting person’s genitals, buttocks, or breasts (Shoutout Trump)
104
Describe attribution
- Internal:
Something within the observed person (i.e personality)
Leads to dispositional attribution
- External:
Something outside of the person we observe (i.e their situation)
Leads to situational attribution
105
Kelley identified three factors that need consideration when making internal or external attributions:
________ - looks at how a person acts across time
________ - whether or not the person behaves the same in different contexts
________ - individuals behavior represents others
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus
106
Describe the primacy effect
Information first learned about someone through first impression is maintained, and later information is filtered out and ignored.
107
What is the difference between western and eastern cultures
Western people act individually
Eastern people work together to benefit the whole
108
What does the bystander effect include and how does diffusion of responsibilty fit into it?
Bystandard effect can be defined as "a person in need is less likely to receive help as the number of people who are present increases".
Since diffusion of responsibility means the responsibility of helping get evenly distributed around everyone that is present, it is applicable to bystander effect
109
____________ ___________ is a social psychological concept that occurs when people fail to act because they unwittingly rely on social cues from others to guide their behavior, without realizing that the referent others also face uncertainty
Pluralistic ignorance
110
What are three compliance methods?
- Foot-In-The-Door:
A hope that by doing a small favour for someone, you may request a bigger one from them
- Door-In-The-Face:
Giving a large request, knowing they'll say no. Following it up with your originally intended smaller request which they are more likely to execute
- Lowballing:
Self-explanatory
