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Psych Final Flashcards

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1
Q

How do psychologists define personality?

A

Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. Enduring stable patterns that remain fairly consistent throughout life.

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2
Q

What are the three different theoretical approaches to the study of personality?

A

Psychodynamic (Freud), Humanism (Carl Rogers), Trait theories.

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3
Q

What are Freud’s proposed divisions of personality?

A

ID: What I want, Now! Superego: What I ought to do. Ego: balances between ID and Superego.

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4
Q

What is the ID in Freud’s theory?

A

Unconscious mental processes that drive sexual and aggressive energy, characterized by primary process thinking (wishful, illogical).

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5
Q

What is the Superego in Freud’s theory?

A

Pre-conscious mental processes that represent conscience and ideals, internalizing parental and societal voices.

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6
Q

What is the Ego in Freud’s theory?

A

Conscious mental processes that are rational and goal-oriented, balancing desires from the ID and Superego.

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7
Q

What are Freud’s 5 stages of personality development?

A
  1. Oral stage (0-1 year) 2. Anal stage (2-3 years) 3. Phallic stage (3-6 years) 4. Latency stage (6-Puberty) 5. Genital stage (Beyond puberty).
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8
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A

Results from too much or too little attention to a child’s needs in a stage.

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9
Q

What is the setup of Freud’s therapy room?

A

Patient lies on a couch with the analyst seated behind them, facilitating free association and projection of feelings.

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10
Q

What methods did Freud use to access the unconscious?

A

Free association, dream analysis, analyzing errors, Freudian slips, and analyzing transference.

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11
Q

What are Freudian slips?

A

Slips of the tongue revealing unconscious motivations when defense mechanisms fail.

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12
Q

What are some Freudian defense mechanisms?

A

Denial, Repression, Rationalization, Projection, Reaction formation, Displacement, Regression, Identification, Compensation, Sublimation.

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13
Q

What is the focus of a humanistic approach to personality?

A

Focus on distinctly human aspects of personality, emphasizing empathy and the real self vs. ideal self.

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14
Q

How does the humanistic approach differ from psychodynamic views?

A

Humanistic focuses on personal growth and self-actualization, while psychodynamic emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences.

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15
Q

What do trait theories aim to describe?

A

They focus on describing personality and making predictions based on those descriptions.

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16
Q

What is the 5 Factor Model (OCEAN)?

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. It provides a dimensional approach to classifying personality.

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17
Q

How do clinical psychologists define abnormal behavior?

A

Statistically rare, deviates from social norms, produces subjective discomfort, and is maladaptive.

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18
Q

What is the DSM5?

A

The manual of clinical syndromes published by the American Psychiatric Association for descriptive diagnosis.

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19
Q

When was the first DSM published?

A

The first version of the DSM was published in 1952.

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20
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

A

Fear is an immediate response to a threat, while anxiety is a future-oriented emotional state involving worry.

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21
Q

What are the theoretical models proposed to explain anxiety?

A

Biological Model, Psychodynamic Model, Behavioral Model, Cognitive Model.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Excessive anxiety for at least 6 months, difficulty controlling worry, and three of the six symptoms present.

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23
Q

What is a Specific Phobia?

A

Marked fear cued by the presence or anticipation of an object or situation, recognized as excessive by the person.

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24
Q

What characterizes a Panic Disorder?

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A

Sudden attacks of anxiety and terror that can be mistaken for physical illness.

25
What are the symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
Obsessions cause marked distress and compulsions are repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress.
26
What characterizes Bipolar Disorder?
Mood swings from high to low, with periods of near-normal mood in between.
27
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Excess behaviors such as hallucinations and delusions.
28
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Less than normal behavior or absence of normal behavior, such as poor attention and flat affect.
29
What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy?
A therapy aimed at stopping negative cycles by changing behavior or cognition.
30
What are the three themes social psychologists study?
Social Cognition, Social Influence, Social Relations.
31
What are attributions in psychology?
The process of inferring the causes of one's own and others' mental states and behaviors.
32
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Overestimating internal factors in others' behavior while underestimating external factors.
33
What is the Actor-Observer Bias?
Being more aware of external influences on our own behavior compared to others'.
34
How do psychologists define attitudes?
Relatively enduring evaluations of people and things, which can predict behavior.
35
What factors influence the success of persuasion?
Source, Message, Channel, Context, Receiver characteristics.
36
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
A model of persuasion that describes how people process persuasive messages.
37
Why is the way a message is delivered important for persuasion?
To think about the message and the way the message is delivered is crucial for persuasion.
38
What is a channel in the context of communication?
The means by which a message is sent- in words or images, verbally or nonverbally, in person or through media. Choosing the right channel can be as important as selecting the right message.
39
How does context influence persuasion?
The context in which a message is presented can also influence attitude change.
40
What are receiver characteristics?
Qualities of the person the communicator is trying to persuade.
41
What are some techniques of persuasion?
1. Choose effective communicators 2. Consider the goals of the listener 3. Use humor 4. Use classical conditioning 5. Use the listener’s behavior to modify his or her attitude.
42
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
A model of persuasion where people elaborate on the message itself or fail to elaborate on it.
43
What are the two routes in the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
1. Central route: attending to the content of the message 2. Peripheral route: relying on peripheral cues that have nothing to do with the message content.
44
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Emotional discomfort resulting from engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with personal cognitions.
45
What are three ways Cognitive Dissonance can affect behavior?
1. Change behavior 2. Change cognition 3. Form new cognitions to justify the behavior.
46
Provide an example of Cognitive Dissonance.
"I don’t believe in sex before marriage (attitude), but I just had sex before marriage (behavior)."
47
What is conformity?
A social influence where individuals adjust their behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
48
How was conformity illustrated in Solomon Asch's studies?
Subjects were asked to judge line lengths while working in a group, where confederates were instructed to give obviously wrong answers, leading many subjects to conform.
49
What is the bystander effect?
The likelihood of a bystander to help someone in trouble decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
50
Who was Kitty Genovese and what does her case illustrate?
Kitty Genovese was murdered in 1964 while at least 38 people heard or watched the attack but did not call the police, illustrating the bystander effect.
51
What is diffusion of responsibility?
A form of attribution in which people explain their actions based on the presence of others.
52
What did Freeman et al's naturalistic experiment find?
When people were alone, tips averaged 19% of the check, but as group size increased, tips dropped below 13%.
53
What was the objective of Milgram's experiment?
To measure the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even when the task involved harming another person.
54
What significant finding came from Milgram's experiment?
A significant number of participants obeyed instructions to administer high levels of shocks, even when the learner protested.
55
What was the modification in Burger's 2009 replication of Milgram's study?
The experiment was stopped when the participant first heard the learner's verbal protest at 150 volts.
56
What did Burger's replication find regarding obedience?
A substantial number of participants continued to shock the learner even when urged by the authority figure, indicating that obedience to authority persists.
57
What is prosocial behavior?
Behavior that benefits either specific individuals or society as a whole.
58
What factors influence prosocial behavior?
Attitudes toward an outgroup depend in large part on whether one is competing or cooperating with it.

Psych Final Exam (1 decks)

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