Psych Final

Question 1

What is the socioemotional theory?

Answer 1

Social networks become more selective with age. Emphasis on emotion-regulating function in social interaction.

Question 2

What is the continuity theory?

Answer 2

Effort to maintain consistency between past and anticipated future.

Question 3

What is the activity theory?

Answer 3

Social barriers cause declining rates of interaction.

Question 4

What is the disengagement theory?

Answer 4

Decrease activity levels and interact less frequently, more preoccupied with inner lives.

Question 5

What are the social theories of aging?

Answer 5

Disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, socioemotional selectivity theory.

Question 6

What is the systematic evaluation of one’s life?

Answer 6

Life Review.

Question 7

What is reminiscence?

Answer 7

Telling stories about the past.

Question 8

What is the positivity effect?

Answer 8

Attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative information.

Question 9

What is the shift towards cosmic awareness in aging?

Answer 9

Gerotranscendence.

Question 10

What are Peck’s tasks of ego integrity?

Answer 10

Ego differentiation, body transcendence, ego transcendence.

Question 11

What is selective optimism with compensation?

Answer 11

Narrowing goals, select personally valued activities to optimize returns from their diminishing energy.

Question 12

What is Erikson’s theory of personal development for late adulthood?

Answer 12

Ego integrity vs despair.

Question 13

Who typically cares for both aging parents and children simultaneously?

Answer 13

The sandwich generation.

Question 14

What is the culmination of ‘letting go’ process?

Answer 14

Launching.

Question 15

What is the life events view?

Answer 15

Midlife change as adaptations to normative life events.

Question 16

What is the stage view?

Answer 16

Midlife is changing as major restructuring.

Question 17

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 17

It depends more heavily on basic information-processing skills, the ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, the speed of analyzing info, and capacity of working memory.

Question 18

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 18

Skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions.

Question 19

What is Erikson’s stage of personality development in middle adulthood?

Answer 19

Generativity vs stagnation.

Question 20

What type of love has intimacy + passion + commitment?

Answer 20

Consummate love.

Question 21

What type of love has intimacy + passion?

Answer 21

Romantic love.

Question 22

What type of love has intimacy only?

Answer 22

Liking.

Question 23

What type of love has commitment + intimacy?

Answer 23

Companionate love.

Question 24

What type of love has commitment only?

Answer 24

Empty love.

Question 25

What type of love has passion + commitment?

Answer 25

Fatuous love.

Question 26

What type of love has passion only?

Answer 26

Infatuation.

Question 27

What type of attachment is associated with seeking quick love and complete merging?

Answer 27

Resistant attachment.

Question 28

What type of attachment is associated with independence, mistrust, and anxiety about closeness?

Answer 28

Avoidant attachment.

Question 29

What type of attachment is associated with being comfortable with intimacy and being unafraid of abandonment?

Answer 29

Secure attachment.

Question 30

What is Erikson's stage of personality development for early adulthood?

Answer 30

Intimacy vs isolation.

Question 31

What is the period of life between adolescence and adulthood called?

Answer 31

Emerging adulthood.

Question 32

What is cognitive-affective complexity?

Answer 32

Greater awareness of conflicting perspectives and motivations. Enhances emotion regulation.

Question 33

What is using logic to solve real-world problems referred to as?

Answer 33

Pragmatic thought.

Question 34

What type of thinking formulates a perspective that synthesizes contradictions?

Answer 34

Commitment within relativistic thinking.

Question 35

What type of thinking views all knowledge as embedded in framework of thought, aware of other opinions, and favors multiple truths?

Answer 35

Relativistic thinking.

Question 36

What type of thinking divides information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they?

Answer 36

Dualistic thinking.

Question 37

What cognition refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas?

Answer 37

Epistemic cognition.

Question 38

What is cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage?

Answer 38

Postformal thought.

Question 39

What happens to cells when telomeres shorten too much?

Answer 39

The cell can no longer duplicate.

Question 40

What is biological aging?

Answer 40

Genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species.

Question 41

What is the theory that as we age our tissues become less elastic?

Answer 41

Cross-linkage theory.

Question 42

What are crowds?

Answer 42

Larger: composed of several cliques. Membership based on reputation/stereotype. Affiliations reflect abilities and interests.

Question 43

What are cliques?

Answer 43

Small, tightly knit groups: 5 to 7. Similar in family background, attitudes, and values.

Question 44

What are Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

Answer 44

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

Question 45

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 45

A lack of both exploration and commitment.

Question 46

What is identity foreclosure?

Answer 46

Commitment in the absence of exploration.

Question 47

What is identity moratorium?

Answer 47

Exploration without having reached commitment.

Question 48

What is identity achievement?

Answer 48

Commitment to values and goals following a period of exploration.

Question 49

What are the four identity statuses?

Answer 49

Identity achievement, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity diffusion.

Question 50

What is Erikson's stage of development for adolescence?

Answer 50

Identity vs role confusion.

Question 51

How is an adolescent's decision making skills different from an adult?

Answer 51

They seek immediate rewards and take risks more often.

Question 52

What is an adolescent's inflated opinion of feeling special and unique?

Answer 52

Personal fable.

Question 53

What is an adolescent's belief that they are the focus of everyone's attention and concern?

Answer 53

Imaginary audience.

Question 54

What is propositional thought?

Answer 54

Evaluating the logic of verbal propositions without referring to real world circumstances.

Question 55

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Answer 55

Problem solving based on a hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences. Begins with possibility and proceeds to reality.

Question 56

What is the formal operational stage?

Answer 56

The capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking.

Question 57

What is Piaget's stage of development for adolescence?

Answer 57

Formal operational.

Question 58

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 58

Other visible changes signaling sexual maturity.

Question 59

What are the primary sexual characteristics?

Answer 59

Maturation of reproductive organs.

Question 60

What is emotion-centered coping?

Answer 60

Used when problem-centered coping does not work. Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome.

Question 61

What is problem-centered coping?

Answer 61

Appraises situation as changeable. Aimed at solving problems.

Question 62

How does process praise as opposed to persona praise foster a mastery-oriented approach?

Answer 62

Suggests competence develops through effort. Focus on mastering a task for its own sake. Individual improvement, not compared to others.

Question 63

What would a child with learned helplessness attribute to their failure?

Answer 63

Lack of ability.

Question 64

What would a child with learned helplessness attribute to their success?

Answer 64

External factors.

Question 65

What would a mastery-oriented child attribute to their failure?

Answer 65

Controllable factors.

Question 66

What would a mastery-oriented child attribute to their success?

Answer 66

Ability.

Question 67

What are the changes in self-concept during middle childhood?

Answer 67

Emphasizes competencies. Qualified, trait-based self-descriptions. Social comparisons. Frequent reference to social groups.

Question 68

What is Erikson's stage of development for middle childhood?

Answer 68

Industry vs inferiority.

Question 69

What is cognitive self-regulation?

Answer 69

Monitoring progress toward a goal. Redirecting unsuccessful efforts.

Question 70

What is the elaboration memory strategy?

Answer 70

Creating a relationship between information not in the same category.

Question 71

What is the rehearsal memory strategy?

Answer 71

Repeating information to oneself.

Question 72

What is transitive inference?

Answer 72

The ability to seriate mentally, requires integrating three relations at once.

Question 73

What is seriation?

Answer 73

The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension.

Question 74

What is classification?

Answer 74

Aware of classification hierarchies. Focus on multiple category relations at once.

Question 75

What is reversibility?

Answer 75

Thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction.

Question 76

What is decentration?

Answer 76

Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them.

Question 77

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 77

Involves mastering the use of logic in concrete ways.

Question 78

What stage did Piaget say kids in middle childhood were in?

Answer 78

Concrete operational.

Question 79

What are the interacting forces that influence development?

Answer 79

Biological, historical, social, and cultural.

Question 80

What is the concept of plasticity in development?

Answer 80

Open to change in response to influential experiences.

Question 81

What is the definition of developmental science?

Answer 81

A field of study devoted to understanding consistency and change throughout the lifespan.