Psych Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Postconventional Level (Adulthood)

Answer 1

morale based on personal moral *not based on friends or punishment/award just your code (ex. Dr. Death; A physician who helped terminally ill patients kill themselves and would later go to prison)

Answer 2

- We are not able to provide an exact age or mental age for when this occurs - We have an idea of four categories that this can go into * Young, Middle, Old, Elder

Answer 3

- Fluid Intelligence - Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 4

the ability to think quickly (logical reasoning, reaction time, info processing) - Decreases with age

Answer 5

- Experience in life - Increase with age

Answer 6

- Younger people will typically have a better time with recall - Older people tend to have a better time with recognition tests

Answer 7

the ability to process decreases with age

Answer 8

Personalities a persons, unique, thinking, feeling, and behaving styles - almost as unique as a snowflake The Big 5 (OCEAN) - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extrovert, Agreeableness, Neuroticism It used to be thought that these traits never changed with age, but it turns out that they can change significantly with major life events *everyone has a certain quantity of these traits

Answer 9

our openness to new ideas

Answer 10

dependability, hard-working, organized, punctual

Answer 11

Extroverted, outgoing

Answer 12

Ability to go with the flow, or to agree with others

Answer 13

How old do you feel? - Are you satisfied with your age? - if positive -> healthier outcomes * age is just a #

Answer 14

Perception of your life (satisfaction, etc.) - Satisfaction of relationships throughout life *highest in early/late adulthood and lower in midlife

Answer 15

emotional component (happiness, stress, etc.) - Experience of negative emotions tend to decrease with age - older adults more positive than younger/midlife

Answer 16

Brain disorder where gyri (cortex) shrink and the ventricles (sulci) get bigger - Alzheimer's Disease is the most common - Type of Dementia - A person's risk starts in their 60s, risk increases after every passing year/decade * not everyone with dementia has Alzheimer's, but everyone with Alzheimer's has Dementia - Those who study it say if everyone would life long enough, they would get it - Very common, especially among the old - From diagnosis to death is roughly 7 years

Answer 17

- Degeneration at the cellular and structural level *lose brain tissue from the inside out and the outside in - memory lapse - First starts as minor memory lapse

Answer 18

The study of how other people influence our behavior - True character shows when you are alone - Influence can be explicit or implicit

Answer 19

Someone tells you to do something (ex. Dr. Metzger telling you to raise your hand)

Answer 20

A person doesn't say anything but behavior changes

Answer 21

Our behavior changes when no one asks - behavior changes based on the environment *two reasons; Normative Influence and Informational Influence

Answer 22

what do others think of me? - fitting in; talking/dressing differently (Ashe Experiment)

Answer 23

am I doing the correct behavior? - following what someone else does to do the right thing (Dr. Metzger in Germany)

Answer 24

behavior changes because of request - you don't have to say yes

Answer 25

a small request is accepted, which is then followed by a larger request *The key: what was wanted was the larger request (ex. asking dad for $20, but then asking for $50)

Answer 26

a big request is denied, which is followed by a smaller request *the Key is the smaller request (ex. asking dad for $50, then asking for $20)

Answer 27

an agreement is made and later the details of the agreement change *car dealers (ex. $200, my manager only says $300, okay I'm in)

Answer 28

change behavior because of an order to do so *must be a person of authority (ex. children must be obedient to their parents) - Common in 'typical' societal situations

Answer 29

- Most Unethical and well known Wanted to understand behaviors seen in WWII *especially the Holocaust - Everyday good people could do awful things *followed the orders of authority figures Results: - The percentage of people who went all the way up to 450: 65% Procedure: - participants had to give the other person a question if they got it wrong they were to give them a shock

Answer 30

any behavior that helps someone else

Answer 31

engaging in a behavior with no expectations in return

Answer 32

- Kitty Genouese (1963) - 38 people heard, none called or went to help * number of bystanders up, level of help down

Answer 33

'someone else will"

Answer 34

exploring the behavior of self and others - lazy, busy - character vs. circumstance

Answer 35

Actions because of situations that you cannot help (ex. late because of overlapping classes)

Answer 36

Actions because of personality/character (ex. late because you're lazy)

Answer 37

- Serial Killer - was very charming, but did awful actions

Answer 38

Others -> dispositional causes Self -> situationally

Answer 39

- In-group - group with which you identify - out-group - everybody else/ not identifying with

Answer 40

(not openly common) MOST think that all people should be equal Have diminished - not as common as they once were

Answer 41

conscious beliefs that are freely admitted - hostile to out-group

Answer 42

Belief that... - group hierarchies are inevitable - some groups are better than others - those outside 'your group' are inferior - there are limited resources that we compete for *tend to do well in jobs in hierarchal structure (police, business, etc.)

Answer 43

are more subtle - Automatic Bias

Answer 44

unintended bias of liking other groups less than your own - religion, race, gender, etc.

Answer 45

link "good" with in-group- faster than "good" with out-groups *faster at pairing your own group with good qualities

Answer 46

we learn behaviors through modeling or watching others do it - observation learning *no one is born a racist, sexist, etc.

Answer 47

Jane Elliot, 1960s rural Iowa - She taught her 3rd graders about discrimination by comparing different groups of children on different days - Asked them how it felt - Showed how basing beliefs on people based on what they look like is wrong - Children's thinking and behavior changed quickly towards the other group - Did she go too far? - lasting life lesson *look up the video and watch it on youtube

Answer 48

*like a snowflake; all are similar but two are not the same Unique thinking, acting, feeling throughout life

Answer 49

- No evidence that proves theory *iceberg - You are consciously aware of a fraction of your mind -Influenced by unconscious processes (Id, Superego, Ego) *Freud believed when you couldn't find a solution to a conflict it resulted in anxiety - conflict between the 3 (Id, Superego, and Ego)

Answer 50

The only part of your personality you are born with - Contains basic needs and drives * hunger, thirst, sex drives, etc. - Impulse and wants immediate satisfaction

Answer 51

develops around the age of 4 or 5 - sense of right or wrong - parental influence

Answer 52

sits between the two - decision maker - make a decision that satisfy both superego and id

Answer 53

aspects of our personality are learned * observationally of rewards and punishments

Answer 54

every person deep down is a good person - Self Actualization

Answer 55

the drive to be the best person you can be/to reach your potential *personality is the expression of the drive

Answer 56

-What degree does genetics play a role in your personality? * twins Identical vs. fraternal twins raised together vs. apart *Identical should be more similar than fraternal Fraternal -> more different Identical -> more similar

Answer 57

basic dimension on which people differ * traits are continuous, but we look at a limited amount -> anyone can fall anywhere on the line of traits (ex. extroversion or introversion) *most people fall around the mean (middle)

Answer 58

- A lot of stability and consistency -> many will stay the same - Lots of individual differences -> from person to person

Answer 59

- 5 personality traits that are important to understand - each are independent of each other (OCEAN) *if you score high on one, you don't have to score high on all of them

Answer 60

have a standard set of questions and you provide a response - most widely used assessments *no interpretation is necessary - People are asked to describe themselves * may be some bias, not everyone might not be honest - Good validity * measure what they are intended to measure, accurate - Self- report issues * may need to worry about the responses given - employers, military, etc. might give these out - Some may be designed for cheaters (ex. one we did in class with the numbers)

Answer 61

answer questions about someone else that you know well - may be used with children or cognitively impaired adults - Switches the pronouns to her/him instead of you/I

Answer 62

- Objective test - One of the most widely used - has different subscales - full version is over 500 questions - Test is designed to catch cheaters : How? * take similar questions and ask multiple times * if answers are different, cheating, not truthful

Answer 63

- Ambiguous stimuli - no right or wrong answer - Responses need to be interpreted *stimuli is ambiguous, you will project your personality in your answers - Not as valid as objective assessments - Inkblot test (Rohnshak) * you are shown a blob of ink and you explain what you see (ex. I see a bat) -TAT - ambiguity with the instructions - story you tell is a projection of your personality based on character - Draw a person test * not a good assessment

Answer 64

depression is under it

Answer 65

-Psychology is the science of mind and behavior This is the study of abnormal behavior

Answer 66

- Statistical Deviance: frequency of behavior - subjective discomfort or distress - inability to function normally - context must be taken into account

Answer 67

- DSM-5 Book - describes about 250 disorders * 4% of disorders we will cover - Criteria of symptoms * ex. depression: 5 out of 9 over 2 weeks - does not determine 'cause' - at any time, 25% of Americans suffer - Comorbidity is common

Answer 68

more than one disorder at a time

Answer 69

- Most commonly diagnosed - Symptoms of behavior, emotion, and mood (anhedonia) - Behavior: changes in sleep and eating behavior - Emotion: feelings of worthlessness, guilt, changes in mood - Not treated: worst part is getting out of bed

Answer 70

a person does not find pleasure in activities they used to enjoy

Answer 71

two emotional extremes

Answer 72

- Manic state -> completely opposite of depressed - enthusiasm, optimistic, racing thoughts, warm drug that runs through body - no sleep

Answer 73

episodes from depressed to manic - when untreated people spend more time in one of the ends - tend to be depressed longer than manic - takes less energy to be depressed - Depressed for 2-3 weeks - manic for 5-7 days

Answer 74

- Lifetime prevalence rate of 16.6% - 17% of people will go through depression at some point in their life - Average age of onset in the mid 20s, women are more commonly diagnosed - Rate of 2: 1, women vs. men - Those diagnosed once are more likely to experience it again

Answer 75

- life time prevalence of 4.4% - Often comorbid with other disorders - diagnosed with another mood disorder - many experience symptoms beginning in adolescence

Answer 76

- Medications (SSRIs), Cognitive Therapy, etc. *SSRIs do not work like Tylenol (takes 2-6 weeks to feel the effects) - not intended for lifelong treatment - Cognitive therapy: designed to change the way you think - depression: the way they think is not healthy for them

Answer 77

- Typically treated with medications (ex. lithium) * not a high powered drug, a salt - tend to be taken over a life time - People tend to stop taking them because they are doing so well, then the symptoms come back - many benefit from the medication

Answer 78

Depression that results from changes in seasons - technically, a type of depression (with a seasonal pattern) - symptoms begin in the fall and worsen into the winter - symptoms begin to lift in the late spring (if left untreated) Causes: - Disruption to biological clock (light= zeitgeber -> time giver) - melatonin level fluctuation (regulated by sunlight - lack of sunlight - Alaska the most common Treatments: - light therapy - the most cost effective - medication/psychotherapy

Answer 79

- Nervous system arousal and a sense of dread - sympathetic nervous system - fear or anxiety that something is going to happen - usually people know what they are upset about

Answer 80

- DSM-5: 6 months of excessive worry - lifetime prevalence of 5.7%

Answer 81

Characterized by panic attacks

Answer 82

a bout of intense anxiety that lasts from a few seconds to a few hours - unpredictable - often comorbid with agoraphobia

Answer 83

fear of open spaces where escape may be difficult * a fear of leaving your home

Answer 84

irrational fears or objects or situations

Answer 85

objects or situations - lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is 12.5%

Answer 86

of public embarrassment or humiliation - in one sample, 92% were bullied as kids - Lifetime prevalence of social phobia is 12.1%

Answer 87

experience arousal long after trauma has passed - war veterans, rape victims, natural disaster survivors, etc. Symptoms: nightmares/flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli, arousal (don't sleep)

Answer 88

- Obsession: a persistent upsetting thought - Compulsion: a repetitive behavior that temporarily reduces anxiety *vicious cycle of thoughts and behaviors (cleaners, checkers, counters, hoarders) - creates disturbance in daily life - The action that they do, they do not like to do

Answer 89

- Behavioral (exposure) therapy * great for phobias - Medicinal therapy

Answer 90

disorder of distrubed thought, speech, emotion, and behavior - 1%, equal in gender and race - Symptoms begin in late teens to late 20s - Males: teens - Females: mid to late 20s

Answer 91

made known by their presence * person is doing something they shouldn't be doing - Delusions, Hallucinations, Speech and thought *does not show all symptoms

Answer 92

believing something that isn't true - persecution - grandeur

Answer 93

false belief that people are out to get or harm you in some way

Answer 94

a false belief you are better than others

Answer 95

a false sensory experience - hear voices, see images

Answer 96

jump from topic to topic with no connection or bridge

Answer 97

made know from their absence * person is not doing something that they should - Flat Affect, Social withdrawal * does not show all symptoms

Answer 98

they are emotionless - when they do show an emotion, but it is not appropriate

Answer 99

they almost live in their own little world

Answer 100

Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated

Answer 101

- Primarily show delusions and hallucinations * can show other symptoms - if a person is lashing out and has schizophrenia, normally has paranoid * believe that other people are out to get them

Answer 102

very easy to spot because they tend to show symptoms of speech and thought

Answer 103

disorder of movement; the way a person moves their body is disturbed - wildly moving, flailing - person will stand like a statue

Answer 104

- symptoms don't place them in one of the three above * mix of symptoms and the person has schizophrenia

Answer 105

Genetic Factors and Environmental Factors

Answer 106

- tends to run in families * the more similar genetically to a person who has it, the higher the chance you have of getting it - If genetics was the only factor, then identical twins would be 100%

Answer 107

- Pregnancy issues (stress, infection, etc.) - fraternal twins share the womb - Urban areas show higher rates of rural - exposed to toxins, viruses, bacteria, etc.

Answer 108

People typically have elevated levels of dopamine - Anti-psychotic medications (block the dopamine) * only work on the positive symptoms People may have brain damage - structural brain changes -> cause of negative symptoms? * healthy people have a bigger, fuller brain

Answer 109

- early asylums were more like prisons - little treatment offered, used for more of containment

Answer 110

Insight, Action, Biomedical

Answer 111

understand why you are doing the things you are doing

Answer 112

goal is to change behavior - works well with phobias

Answer 113

drugs, surgery, etc.

Answer 114

-Humanistic - Focus of person's sense of 'self' -> who you truly are * Roger's Client Centered Therapy - Provide unconditional positive regard (unconditional love) - nondirective: client figures out what is wrong not therapist - therapist is empathetic and facilitates process

Answer 115

- works well with people with phobias - phobias are learned from classical conditioning (Systematic Desensitization (extinction) and Aversion Therapy)

Answer 116

- first learn muscle relaxation techniques - hierarchy of stimuli: a list of stimuli that they are more and more fearful of

Answer 117

-used for addiction - induce a taste aversion of a different stimuli (ex. 'rapid smoking')

Answer 118

- medications * impact brain and/or body (Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antidepressants)

Answer 119

reducing hallucinations, delusions, etc.

Answer 120

- works fairly quickly - potential for abuse/misuse

Answer 121

- SSRI *may take 2-6 weeks to feel the effects

Answer 122

- Treatment for depression - 2 times a week for 2-6 weeks - electrodes up to the head until they seize - may experience memory loss, but little side effects - depression tends to lift - doctors do not know why - Usually done on patients when drugs or other therapies do not work

Answer 123

- used as a last resort - Treatment is irreversible - Lobotomy

Answer 124

- First modern brain surgery - done on people with anxiety, depression, etc. - nothing is taken out - would cut the frontal lobe from the back hemisphere - drill a hole in skull and use a butter knife to cut brain * Transorbital lobotomy: through the eye socket - Walter Freeman

Psych Final Exam Flashcards

(153 cards)