Psych Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two claims of the biopsychosocial approach?
A
- illness is determined by many influences
2
Q
What is the difference between biomedical and biopsychosocial approach?
A
biomedical: focuses on only biological factors of illness
3
Q
Medical example?
A
-human actors construct a “reality” instead of discovering inherent reality
4
Q
medical ex?
A
NAME?
5
Q
What is the difference between social constructionism and symbolic interactionism?
A
NAME?
6
Q
ex?
A
NAME?
7
Q
What is functionalism?
A
NAME?
8
Q
In functionalism, what happens when disruptions occur in society?
A
NAME?
9
Q
What is conflict theory?
A
views society in terms of competing groups that act because of own self-interests instead of need for societal equilibrium
10
Q
According to conflict theory, why does society change over time?
A
NAME?
11
Q
What perspective does conflict theory offer for health inequalites?
A
when healthcare resources are limited, access is determined by imbalances of power between social groups
12
Q
What do functionalism and conflict theory fail to account for?
A
impact of social life on micro scale
13
Q
What does it not explain?
A
perspective for considering processes that contribute to social stability; assumes stablity is ideal
14
Q
What does it not explain?
A
argues that stability is not good for social groups that are oppressed because of powerful people’s self-interests so change must occur; explains how societies change over time
15
Q
What theories focus on large scale?
A
NAME?
16
Q
How are functionalism and social constructionism different from symbolic interactionsim?
A
focus on social institutions rather than individuals
17
Q
What is the only theory that focuses on social disruption rather than social equilibrium?
A
conflict theory
18
Q
What is a culture?
A
all beliefs, assumptions, objects, behaviors and processes that make up a shared way of life
19
Q
What categories is culture divided into?
A
material and non-material culture
20
Q
What is material culture?
A
objects involved in a certain way of life including products, tools used, art made, objects etc.
21
Q
What is non-material culture? ex?
A
elements of culture that are non-physical including shared ideas, knowledge, values, beliefs that unify a group of people
22
Q
How do social interactions help to define a culture?
A
by establishing social norms
23
Q
What are social norms?
A
expectations that say what behavior is acceptable within a group
24
Q
What is a social group?
A
subset of a population that maintains social interactions
25
What sets apart human culture from that of other species?
technological advancement and development of symbolic culture
26
What kind of culture is symbolic culture? What does it consist of?
#NAME?
27
What is symbolic culture based on?
#NAME?
28
What are the meanings ascribed to symbols determined by?
social norms and cultural values
29
What are examples of symbolic rituals/gestures included in symbolic culture?
#NAME?
30
What is the one of the most important aspect of symbolic culture?
development of language
31
What is language?
use of symbols to represent ideas and allows one person's thoughts to be transferred to the mind of a second person through symbols, speech, or writing
32
What is a society?
2 or more individuals living together in a community and sharing elements of culture
33
What are social institutions?
#NAME?
34
ex?
#NAME?
35
What are 5 common examples of social institutions?
Government and economy
36
How does government provide order to society?
services in provides and enforcement of law
37
What is the economy?
institution that distributes goods and services to meet the needs of society
38
What is the purpose of education?
#NAME?
39
How does it function as a social institution?
#NAME?
40
What is the institution of family?
creates social group in which to procreate, have children, pass on cultural knowledge and cooperate
41
What is the nuclear family?
one man and one woman living together with children
42
polyandry?
#NAME?
43
What is the social institution of medicine?
fulfills need for health care in an organized manner
44
What are demographics?
statistics used to examine the nature of populations by quantifying subsets of population including age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, immigration status, education level
45
How are demographics useful?
#NAME?
46
What do demographics fail to capture?
the changing nature of society
47
What is population size determined by?
birth rate and death rates which are lower in industrialized nations; and migration
48
ex?
demographic change that takes place over time
49
What is birth rate affected by?
fertility
50
What is fertility?
production of offspring within a population
51
How can the demographics of fertility rate be measured?
by a cohort study or a period study
52
What is a cohort study?
following a subset of a population over a lifetime
53
What is a period study?
following a subset of a population during a specific time period
54
What is mortality?
death rate within a population
55
What is migration?
relocation of people from one place to another
56
What is immigration?
the influx of new people to a specific area
57
What is emigration?
the outflow of people to other areas leading to reduced population size
58
What is a social movement?
a group of people who share an ideology and work together towards a set of goals
59
What are 2 trends of societal change that can be monitored through demographic study?
urbanization and globalization
60
What is urbanization?
increase in the proportion of people living in specified urban areas
61
What is globalization?
increasing amount of interaction and integration on international scale through exchange of products, services, ideas and information
62
What is a health downside to urbanization and globalization?
the increased population density poses risks and challenges to public health which need to be considered when fighting spread of diseases, assessing health risks, and planning healthcare
63
What is the difference between demographics and identity?
#NAME?
64
What is social inequality?
unequal distribution of opportunities or treatment of individuals within a society based on various demographic categories
65
What is one way that social inequality manifests in society?
through development of spatial inequality
66
What is spatial inequality?
unequal access to resources and variable quality of life within a population or geographical distribution
67
What is spatial inequality affected by?
income, unemployment, unequal access to resources like education and clean water
68
How does spatial inequality influence health?
affects access to doctors, diagnostic equipment, and options for treatment
69
What are global inequalities?
disparities between regions and nations in aspects like gross national product, natural resources, access to healthcare, and types/ amounts of work available
70
What is an example of how spatial inequality acts as a system of geographical hierarchy?
lack of environmental justice
71
What is environmental justice?
the equal treatment of all people regardless of race, gender, or other social groupings with regard to prevention and relief from environmental and health hazards
72
What is an example of lack of environmental justice?
extinguishing a fire in rural areas where fire fighters must cover large geographical districts and fire hydrants are scarce is harder compared to urban firefighting where there is a hydrant on every block
73
What is residential segregation?
instance of social inequality on local scale; separation of demographic groups into different neighborhoods
74
What does residential segregation often involve in US cities?
involves race and income level; low-income individuals have less access to resources and opportunities
75
What are food deserts?
areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options
76
Where are food deserts common in the US?
in low-income neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores and where people have less transportation options to get other food
77
What is social class?
system of stratification that groups members of society according to similarities in social standing
78
What is class tied to?
status, power and influence over the community
79
What is social class associated with?
socioeconomic status
80
What is socioeconomic status?
the economic and social position of a person in terms of income, wealth, education, and occupation
81
What is income?
assets earned
82
What is wealth?
assets already owned
83
What is social class related to?
privilege and prestige
84
What is an example of racial privilege in the US?
allows white individuals to form identites without reference to race that is not possible for non-white individuals
85
What is prestige?
the relative value assigned to something within a particular society
86
What are the divisions of class structure of a society?
#NAME?
87
What is white-collar work?
jobs that are professional, administrative, or managerial that characterize the middle class
88
In the US, how is the middle class defined?
blue collar jobs; working class
89
What are blue collar jobs?
occupations that require skilled or unskilled manual labor
90
What is the difference between a class system and a caste system?
-class system includes fluidity; can move up and down a class
91
How is it achieved?
#NAME?
92
How does it happen?
#NAME?
93
ex?
-when movement within the class system takes place within an individual's lifetime
94
ex?
#NAME?
95
Is the US a meritocracy?
#NAME?
96
What would be necessary for America to be a true meritocracy?
#NAME?
97
What is cultural capital?
the set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility
98
What is social capital?
-individual's social networks and connections that may affect economic and personal benefits
99
What is social reproduction?
the transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next
100
What is poverty?
insufficiency of material goods, monetary wealth, and access to resources
101
What is isolation or social exclusion?
impoverished peoples' lack of access to financial resources and exclusion from opportunities available to others
102
What are the 2 categories of poverty?
Absolute and relative poverty
103
What is absolute poverty?
lack of essential resources like food, shelter, clothing
104
What is relative poverty?
social inequality in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of society
105
What is health disparity/inequality?
differences in health and healthcare that occur between groups of people
106
Biomedical model focuses on biological dysfunction as major contributor to disorders, but does not imply that?
does not imply that psychological disorders must always be associated with other medical disorders
107
A critical part of the biomedical model is the assumption that the symptoms of a psychological disorder are?
based in some type of physical pathology
108
The BPS model is not limited by?
a finite number of factors
109
Sociology not only focuses on interpersonal influences, it also focuses on?
society as a whole
110
Conflict theory examines conflicts between ? not between?
social groups
111
Only ? theoretical perspective describes small-scale interactions in which ? is created?
symbolic interactionism
112
What is the major focus of social constructionism?
shared understandings of truth and meaning
113
What is a critical part of both symbolic interactionism and social constructionism?
shared meaning
114
If the creation of shared knowledge systems is involved, what theory is relevant?
social constructionsim
115
If the question involves smooth functioning of institutions and how they contribute to society, what theory is involved?
functionalism
116
If question involves individuals in context of shared meanings, what theory is involved?
symbolic interactionsim
117
Is non material culture more location specific than material culture?
no
118
What is necessary for shared meanings and learned behaviors that constitute culture?
intelligence
119
What is it part of?
no
120
If the influence of school neighborhood SES on bullying became statistically non-significant when family SES was controlled for, what does that mean?
family SES drives correlation between SES and bullying
