Psych of Gender Test 1

Question 1

Minimalist

Answer 1

View Differences between men and women as trivial. i.e. men and women are different but the differences are not significant.

Question 2

Maximalist

Answer 2

View Gender differences as significant

Question 3

Medias effect of gender bias

Answer 3

Media ignores the idea of no sex differences because it is not “news” as in it doesnt sell or produce ratings, and is not interesting.

Question 4

Culture and gender stereotypes

Answer 4

stereotypes can be more exaggerated in different cultures. Occurs when cultures separate the roles in an extreme fashion

Question 5

Explaining Gender Patterns: Essentialist

Answer 5

Biological; Built in; Part of DNA, sex differences have evolved over time.

Question 6

Explaining Gender Patterns: Environmentalist

Answer 6

Social learning; Women and Men are assigned different sociological functions; biology not important; pressured to fulfill assigned roles(socialized) because of different reproductive functioning and physical strength.

Question 7

Explaining Gender Patterns:Constructionist

Answer 7

Cognitive theorists; gender is a set of socially constructed ideas, we shape behavior to fit our own ideas of what a man or women should be not from social pressure.

Question 8

Feminist movement impact on psychology

Answer 8

women became included in studies (as researchers and participants) instead of gay men; spurred a critique on current research on women and started more research on gender.

Question 9

Goal of women’s movement

Answer 9

to vote

Question 10

Benevolent sexism

Answer 10

Treating well but is detrimental (pedestal)

Question 11

Hostile sexism

Answer 11

harmful; act of control or view of superiority

Question 12

Gender schema theory

Answer 12

based on preexisting ideas on how you should act or process by which you act like a make or female (schema tells you which way to behave).

Question 13

Correlational study

Answer 13

association of two variables; cannot determine causality because it does not show whats causing what between the 3 variables (X, Y, Z)

Question 14

Sex

Answer 14

Biological properties or physical characteristics

Question 15

Gender

Answer 15

what you associate yourself as

Question 16

Experimental studies

Answer 16

allows for cause and effect; provides for manipulation of a variable.

Question 17

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 17

The variable that is manipulated

Question 18

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 18

The variable that is dependent on the IV (does the IV cause DV)

Question 19

Ex-post facto study

Answer 19

a study after the fact; the subject variable (participants) are a pre-existing group; you use when your studying something like brain damage (usually because you cant ethically manipulate the variable).

Question 20

MMPI-Femininty M-F scale

Answer 20

Masculine Feminine scale; to test feminenty they used gay men; they used M or F on two different dimensions; brought the concept into the picture. .

Question 21

Sandra Bem’s Sex role inventory (BSRI)

Answer 21

did not work well on with Chinese and Americans, US hispanics, african americans and native americans ( not significant cross culturally).

Question 22

4 categories of BSRI

Answer 22

masculine, feminine, adrogenous, undifferentiated

Question 22

Agency

Answer 22

Masculine sex traits, enhancing and protecting self.

Question 23

Communion

Answer 23

female sex traits, cooperation

Question 24

Odepius complex

Answer 24

aggression and resentment toward father

Question 25

Horney's concept of Penis envy

Answer 25

women werent jealous of the penis just the social status of men

Question 26

Horney and womb envy

Answer 26

men were jealous of the mothers feelings of carrying a baby

Question 27

Chodorow

Answer 27

Focus on pre-ediple period. before 3 yrs old; his respute to freud

Question 28

Cascade effect

Answer 28

first confirming one stereotype in a person leads to attributing all sterotypes to that person

Question 29

Phallic Stage

Answer 29

when boys and girls begin to perceive differences.

Question 30

Kernel of Truth

Answer 30

Stereotypes exaggerated built in sex differences

Question 31

predjudice

Answer 31

negative evaluation of an entire group

Question 32

discrimination

Answer 32

action on predjudice

Question 33

stereotype

Answer 33

take one small difference and exaggerating it

Question 34

illusory Correlation

Answer 34

When you believe theres a correlation in a stereotype, but doesnt really exist (false positive)

Question 35

Hyde's studies

Answer 35

Context can change the sex differences (situational) Ver

Question 36

Found sex difference

Answer 36

all very small but spatial ability, verbal ability, and quanitive ability. NO DIFFERENCE IN INTELLIGENCE

Question 36

Date of study effect

Answer 36

Differences get smaller and are continuing too; fewer differences since 1973

Question 36

Problem with Sat as measurement

Answer 36

Boys drop out if doing poorly; wider range of girls taking the test.shows largest difference

Question 36

Explanation of Gender Differences: Essentialist's

Answer 36

built into brain, resulting in effects of prenatal hormone, speed of brain development, etc..

Question 37

Explanations of gender difference: Environmentalist

Answer 37

contingencies and opportunities in environment effect brain development

Question 38

moderators of finding

Answer 38

does context effect differences; choose population, type of test, location etc...

Question 39

Verbal ability Findings

Answer 39

Girls>Boys; size difference is small; only on DAT and SAT; no differnence in vocabulary and reading comprehension.

Question 40

Test taking Population: have boys and girls tested match on other variables

Answer 40

ETS- male's seem more highly selected... Drop out rate higher among boys than girls with poor performance Sex differences may be larger in a general population

Question 41

Quantitative ability: differences

Answer 41

Boys do better only after high school

Question 42

Measurement effect

Answer 42

effect of the measure itself to the results; discussed alot on SAT and DAT; selected population due to moderators.

Question 43

Population effect

Answer 43

General? no difference High school students? Males better on math problem solving Mathmatical gifted students: larger differences; more boys in group; principle source of overall sex difference (had to be mathematically gifted racial group? Euro-americans only

Question 44

Time of Testing moderator

Answer 44

differences are smaller and shrinking except on sex

Question 45

Prior experience moderator

Answer 45

family effects; may push son to due more math than daughter.

Question 46

Mothers bias

Answer 46

more likely to encourage sons and daughters to go into math.

Question 47

Occupation choices (sex differences) Pinker

Answer 47

Pinker study: argues biological-inherited hormone. Occupation sex difference based on hormone related differences or inheritance

Question 48

Occupation choices (sex difference) Spelke

Answer 48

little evidence of inborn sex differences; alot of opportunity for experiances to come in and effect.

Question 49

Differences is spatial ability spelke

Answer 49

men better on some women better on some so no real difference.

Question 50

rod and frame test

Answer 50

explaind M-F variation on Sat; Men do better than women

Question 51

embedded figures test

Answer 51

less of a difference in sex spatial ability

Question 52

sex homones and differences

Answer 52

Estrogen or circulating testosterone

Question 53

Toys and spatial ability

Answer 53

Outdoor toys may help teach spatial ability

Question 54

Cultural restictions on girls vs. boys

Answer 54

more restricted in culture more spatial ability that favors boys.

Question 55

Statistic

Answer 55

is there a reliable difference

Question 56

Practical significance

Answer 56

does it matter