Psych Of Prejudice: Midterm Review Flashcards

Question

Convenience sampling

Answer 1

•People the researchers can easily collect data from. •Not very representative •Low external validity = caution when generalizing

Answer 2

Describes strength + direction of a relationship Closer to 0 = weak Closer to 1 = strong P<.05 indicate statistical significance

Answer 3

Proposed cause

Answer 4

Proposed effect

Answer 5

-highly controlled environment -high control but high artificiality

Answer 6

-natural setting while maintaining as mush control possible -high naturalism (low artificiality) low control

Answer 7

Redoing the study using the same procedures

Answer 8

-Redoing the study with changes in procedures -Perhaps with slightly different method or dependent variables

Answer 9

1. Self report 2. Behavioral 3. Biological/physiological 4. Implicit cognition

Answer 10

•Asking people about their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors •Most commonly used method of assessing Stereotypes and Prejudice

Answer 11

•Easy to use (affordable, easy access, no special equipment) •Can give to large groups quickly •Can cover multiple topics and behaviors in a variety of situations •Most direct way to find out what people truly are thinking

Answer 12

Easy for people to edit what they say and to conceal their true attitudes and opinions.

Answer 13

-assessing what ppl do •Examples of behavioral measures •Seating distance •Symbolic distance •Eye contact and leaning toward or away from another person during conversation •Giving and asking for help •Aggression

Answer 14

ses participants’ evaluations of other people in a context that appears to be unrelated to prejudice Ex: Reviewing resumes of job applicants and deciding who should be hired

Answer 15

•Assess changes in body’s responses to a stimulus •Can distinguish between positive and negative emotional reactions to a stimulus •Can indicate the intensity of the reaction. Ex: Heart rate and blood pressure •Electrical conductivity of the skin •Eye blink rate •Cortisol •Brain imaging

Answer 16

Assesses the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory •Works without participants’ awareness of what is being measured, so it is difficult to control

Answer 17

exposing a prime or stimulus that activates concepts associated with the category Faster response = stronger association

Answer 18

Tests extent to which unassociated concepts makes responding more difficult •Response competition •Two responses compete against one another, a habitual response and an opposing response •The stronger the habitual response, the longer it takes to suppress it and make the opposing response

Answer 19

Self-report measures and Implicit measures/Physiological measures are only weakly correlated ●Can control responses on self-report measures when motivated ●Little control over automatic responses, like physiological and implicit ●Measure different things: controlled vs. uncontrolled expressions of attitudes

Answer 20

-simplifies the environment by classing objects/ppl into groups based on shared characteristics -necessary BEFORE stereotypes can be activated or applied

Answer 21

People place others (and themselves) into categories called social groups

Answer 22

Stereotypes -type of schema

Answer 23

1. Content of stereotypic beliefs -implicit vs explicit -positive and negative 2, process by which ppl form and use social groups Ppl use social categories when recalling info abt a person

Answer 24

Categories for which a wealth of info is available and easily observable Gender, race, age -used to draw conclusions abt persons traits, social roles and physical characteristics (Imp in initial interactions)

Answer 25

-ppl are members pf more than one category -researchers focus on 1 or 2 basic categories at a time -

Answer 26

1. Ppl are part of 2 or more basic categories at once 2. When basic category info is combined with additional role or trait info

Answer 27

someone is ambiguous or not “prototypical” of one or the other, more likely to be categorized as minority group

Answer 28

●intervene in the categorization process to emphasize one category over another ●people may need motivation to subcategorize on the basis of other non-basic characteristics

Answer 29

1. Pay more attention to race than other characteristics 2.Take longer to classify racially ambiguous faces (care more about being accurate) 3.Rely on stereotypes to help classify ambiguous faces

Answer 30

us (groups you are part of)

Answer 31

them (groups you are not part of)

Answer 32

Ingroups and outgroups can be created from the most minimal conditions: ●Groups can be created by random assignment based on an unimportant variable: ●Number of dots counted on screen ●Liking for abstract art

Answer 33

-●Drawing a tight circle around ingroup to avoid treating outgroup members as if they belong ●Safer to misclassify ingroup members as outgroups rather than extend ingroup privileges to the “wrong” people ●More likely among highly ethnocentric people

Answer 34

●Parents ●Peers ●Media ●Their own observations of the world

Answer 35

People see members of their group as very different from one another •Underestimate differences among members of other groups •Believe outgroup members: ●Have similar traits ●Occupy similar social roles

Answer 36

●Behavior of a single minority group member may also significantly influence how members of the entire social group are viewed ●Observing a single instance of a negative behavior involving a member of an outgroup led people to evaluate all members of that group negatively

Answer 37

Misjudging demands of situation. People give little weight to situational factors, and believe actions reflect personality traits.

Answer 38

●Perceiving correlations (co-relations) between uncorrelated variables. ●E.g., Women are warm, College professors are absentminded. ●Occurs when information is distinctive

Answer 39

Descriptions of ingroup and outgroup behavior vary in level of abstraction

Answer 40

-justification for segregation and inequality -stereotype will be applied perceptively to all individuals -serious methodological (ethical issues)

Answer 41

◦A dormant stereotype becomes active, ready for use, and capable of influencing a person’s thoughts and behaviors

Answer 42

Triggered simply by observing stimuli associated w/ stereotyped groups

Answer 43

Rooted in goals and needs

Answer 44

-facilitates activation -the more pro typical a person is of their social category the easier it is for stereotypes abt social group to be activated

Answer 45

-disrupts activation due to lack of space in working memory

Answer 46

need to form clear impressions of others and understand behavior to know what to expect

Answer 47

need to see oneself in a positive light

Answer 48

need to see oneself in a positive light

Answer 49

desire to avoid acting prejudiced because of personal values or of not wanting others to think of them as prejudiced

Answer 50

Cognitive resources ◦Simply, the cognitive capability to block stereotype use ◦Cognitive busyness inhibits stereotype activation, but once a stereotype has been activated, cognitive busyness facilitates stereotype application

Answer 51

Found that the more alcohol.participants consumed the more they stereotyped black targets

Answer 52

Ego defense- protect self concepts against real and external threats Social adjustment- fit in w/ out social groups

Answer 53

-also called ji crow laws -yt ppl’s beliefs in their superiority (biological too) -belief in the rightness of segregation -use of laws+gov to establish social segregation and other forms of discrimination

Answer 54

•“It was wrong for the United States Supreme Court to outlaw segregation in its 1954 decision.” •“Black people are generally not as smart as whites. ◦Hate groups, hate crimes, overt hostility

Answer 55

◦Conflict between White American’s •General endorsement of racial equality (in the abstract) •General opposition to government laws that would create racial equality. •Affirmative Action •Equal Employment Opportunity •Equal Housing

Answer 56

1.Discrimination is a thing of the past. 2.Remaining inequality is due to low work ethic. 3.Black people’s anger over inequality is not just. 4.Rather than working hard, Black people are seeking special favors from the government. 5.Black people get more than they deserve economically.

Answer 57

•Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale •Self-report scale •Participants rate their agreement with eight statements. •Higher-values indicate greater symbolic racism

Answer 58

Support for egalitarianism •Implicit bias, lack of meaningful experience with outgroup members •Leads people who want to be non-prejudiced to feel uncomfortable and AVOID CONTACT.

Answer 59

-egalitarianism -individualism -pro black attitudes Anti-black attitudes

Answer 60

1.One should find ways to help others less fortunate than oneself. 2.Those who are unable to provide for their basic needs should be helped by others. 3.A good society is one in which people feel responsible for one another.

Answer 61

Black people do not have the same employment opportunities that Whites do. 5.Many Whites show a real lack of understanding of the problems that many Blacks face. 6.Sometimes Black job seekers should be given special consideration in hiring.

Answer 62

Most people who don’t succeed in life are just plain lazy. 2.People who fail at a job have usually not tried hard enough. 3.Our society would have fewer problems if people had less leisure time.

Answer 63

A form of prejudice where a person tries to avoid an interactions with Black people, but will behave politely when forced into an interaction.

Answer 64

Beliefs that Black people are biologically inferior to White people and that discrimination is appropriate.

Answer 65

Beliefs that Black people are morally inferior to White people that are used to maintain the status-quo.

Answer 66

Maintain status quo inequalities

Answer 67

Reduce inequality

Answer 68

belief that one’s group ought to be at the top of the social ladder above other groups

Answer 69

belief that groups on the bottom of the social ladder ought to stay there

Answer 70

general mood or emotional reaction

Answer 71

emotions sparked by thinking about outgroup members

Psych Of Prejudice: Midterm Review Flashcards

(95 cards)