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Psych paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The systematic and scientific study of behavior and mental processes (thinking, feeling, doing).

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2
Q

Define Behavior in psychological terms.

A

Any observable action including thinking, feeling, and doing.

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3
Q

What is a Construct?

A

A hypothetical label used to explain a set of behaviors.

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4
Q

What does Operationalization refer to?

A

Defining a construct in a way that makes it observable and measurable.

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5
Q

What is a Research Task?

A

An activity or action used to measure a construct.

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6
Q

What is an Apparatus in research?

A

A tool used to collect or measure data.

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7
Q

Define Independent Variable (IV).

A

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

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8
Q

Define Dependent Variable (DV).

A

The variable that is measured to see the effects of the IV.

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9
Q

What are Control Variables?

A

Factors that are kept constant to avoid interfering with the IV-DV relationship.

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10
Q

What are Extraneous Variables?

A

Known external factors that could affect the results.

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11
Q

Define Confounding Variables.

A

Unknown factors discovered that confuse the relationship between IV and DV.

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12
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A testable prediction about the outcome of a study.

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13
Q

What is a One-Tailed Hypothesis?

A

Predicts a specific direction of the effect.

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14
Q

What is a Two-Tailed Hypothesis?

A

Predicts a difference or relationship, but no specific direction is stated.

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15
Q

What does the Null Hypothesis predict?

A

No effect or no difference between variables.

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16
Q

Define Validity in research.

A

The truthfulness of the study — whether it measures what it intends to measure.

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17
Q

What does Reliability refer to in research?

A

The consistency of the study — whether it produces the same results over time or between observers.

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18
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

Whether the results are caused by the IV and not by other factors.

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19
Q

Define External Validity.

A

Whether the results can be generalized beyond the study.

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20
Q

What is Ecological Validity?

A

Whether results apply to real-world settings.

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21
Q

What is Face Validity?

A

Whether a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.

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22
Q

Define Construct Validity.

A

Whether a test actually measures the intended construct.

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23
Q

What is Concurrent Validity?

A

Whether a new test’s results match an already validated measure.

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24
Q

What does Predictive Validity assess?

A

Whether a test can predict future outcomes.

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25
Define Internal Reliability.
Consistency within a test or measure (e.g., split-half reliability).
26
What is External Reliability?
Consistency across time or observers (e.g., test-retest reliability).
27
What is Test-Retest Reliability?
Administering the same test twice and getting similar results.
28
Define Split-Half Reliability.
Splitting a test in half and checking if both parts yield similar results.
29
What is Inter-Rater Reliability?
Different scorers give the same score.
30
What is Inter-Observer Reliability?
Different observers agree on what behaviors they recorded.
31
What is a Sample in research?
The group of participants selected for the study.
32
Define Population in research terms.
The larger group from which the sample is drawn.
33
What is a Target Population?
The specific group the researchers aim to generalize results to.
34
What does Self-Selected Sampling mean?
Participants volunteer to participate.
35
Define Opportunity Sampling.
Participants are chosen because they are easily available.
36
What is Random Sampling?
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
37
What is a Representative Sample?
A sample that accurately reflects the population's characteristics.
38
Define Generalizability.
Applying the study results to the larger population.
39
What is Experimental Design?
How participants are assigned to experimental conditions.
40
What is Repeated Measures Design?
The same participants are used in all conditions of the IV.
41
Define Independent Groups Design.
Different participants are used in each condition of the IV.
42
What is Matched Pairs Design?
Different participants, but matched on important characteristics.
43
What does Randomized Design involve?
Participants are assigned randomly to groups using statistical methods.
44
What are Order Effects?
Changes in participants' performance due to repetition (practice or fatigue).
45
What is Counterbalancing?
A method to control order effects by varying the order of conditions.
46
Define Qualitative Data.
Descriptive, subjective information (feelings, opinions).
47
What is Quantitative Data?
Numerical, measurable information (e.g., scores, counts).
48
What is Raw Data?
Unorganized data collected directly from participants.
49
What are Descriptive Statistics?
Summaries of raw data (e.g., graphs, averages).
50
Define Mean.
The average of a set of numbers.
51
What is Median?
The middle value in an ordered set of numbers.
52
Define Mode.
The most frequent value in a dataset.
53
What is Range?
The difference between the highest and lowest values.
54
What does Variance measure?
The spread of participant scores around the mean.
55
Define Standard Deviation (SD).
The average distance between scores and the mean.
56
What is a Bar Graph used for?
Graph for categorical data (individual categories).
57
What does a Histogram represent?
Graph for continuous data (grouped into intervals).
58
Define Scatter Plot.
Graph showing the relationship between two variables.
59
What is Correlation?
The relationship between two variables (positive or negative).
60
What does Pearson's r indicate?
A statistical number showing strength and direction of a correlation.
61
What is Self-Report?
Participants report on themselves using written or verbal methods.
62
Define Questionnaire.
A written set of questions participants complete.
63
What is an Interview in research?
A verbal method to collect participant responses.
64
What is a Closed Question?
A question with set options for responses.
65
Define Open Question.
A question where participants create their own responses.
66
What is a Likert Scale?
Scale where participants rate their agreement to statements.
67
What is a Rating Scale?
Scale where participants assign numerical values to feelings or statements.
68
Define Structured Interview.
Interview with pre-set questions.
69
What is a Semi-Structured Interview?
Interview with some fixed and some flexible questions.
70
What is an Unstructured Interview?
Interview with no set questions, conversational style.
71
What is Observation in research?
Watching and recording behavior for research purposes.
72
Define Naturalistic Observation.
Observing behavior in a natural environment.
73
What is Controlled Observation?
Observing behavior in a controlled setting.
74
What is Structured Observation?
Observing specific, pre-defined behaviors.
75
Define Unstructured Observation.
Observing any behaviors that occur.
76
What is Overt Observation?
Participants know they are being watched.
77
What does Covert Observation mean?
Participants do not know they are being watched.
78
What is Participant Observation?
Researcher joins the group being studied.
79
Define Non-Participant Observation.
Researcher observes without joining the group.
80
What is Event Sampling?
Recording every occurrence of a specific behavior.
81
What is Time Sampling?
Recording behaviors at pre-set time intervals.
82
What does Protection from Harm entail?
Participants must be protected from physical or psychological harm.
83
What is Valid Consent (Informed Consent)?
Participants must agree voluntarily after being informed about the study.
84
What is the Right to Withdraw?
Participants can leave the study at any time without penalty.
85
What does Lack of Deception refer to?
Participants should not be misled unless justified and approved.
86
What is Confidentiality in research?
Participants' data must be kept private and anonymous.
87
Define Privacy in the context of research.
Researchers must respect participants' personal space and avoid intrusion.
88
What is Debriefing?
After participation, researchers must explain the true aims and correct any deception.
89
What does Replacement mean in animal testing?
Use alternatives to animal testing whenever possible.
90
Define Species and Strain in research.
Choose appropriate species that best fit the research aims.
91
What does Number of Animals refer to in research ethics?
Use the minimum number of animals necessary for valid results.
92
What are Procedures in the context of animal research?
Ensure all procedures minimize pain, suffering, and distress.
93
What does Pain, Suffering, and Distress mean in animal research?
Minimize any experience of pain, suffering, or stress in animals.
94
What is Housing in relation to animal research?
Provide animals with appropriate living conditions (space, light, companions).
95
What are Reward, Deprivation, and Aversive Stimuli in animal research?
Use ethical standards for rewarding or depriving animals — minimize harsh treatments.
96
Define Demand Characteristics.
Participants alter their behavior because they know they are being studied.
97
What is Social Desirability Bias?
Participants respond to appear favorable to others.

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