Psych Semester 2 SAT Development Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is nurture in terms of development?
environment is used to refer to all the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our lifetime
language skills and social interaction are learnt
What is nature in terms of development?
heridity involves the transmission of characteristics from biological parents.
genes influence less obvious aspects of development and psychological development
What is developmental change?
changes that occur over time through a lifespan
developmental changes must be permanent or long-lasting
What does physiological development include?
social, cognitive and emotional changes
What is attachment in infancy?
attachment in infancy refers to the emotional bond which forms between an infant and the primary caregiver/others who have significant involvement
What study did Mary Ainsworth do?
The Strange Situation Test: observes attachment betwen child and primary caregiver
What did Ainsworth’s study find?
secure attachment: confident, explores, curious - calmed down easily by return of caregiver
insecure resistant attachment: uncertain & anxious - checks caregivers whereabouts, clings & resists contact
insecure avoidant attachment: distant & protective - maintains distance and avoids contact with others
What is Erikson’s theory of Psychosocial Development?
Erikson believes that personality is developed in a predetermined order through 8 stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. In each stage the person experiences a psychsocial crisis (psychological needs of individual vs needs of society)
What is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities (nature) and environmental events (nurture), and children pass through a series of stages.
What did Harlow’s study find?
Harlow’s study of monkey’s reactions to cloth and wire surrogates, demonstrated the importance of love, affection and comfort for healthy childhood development.
What is mental health?
a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises their own abilities and can cope with the normal stressors of life
What are the approaches in which normality and abnormality are viewed? (six approaches)
socio-cultural appraoch, functional approach, historical approach, medical approach, statistical approach and situational appraoch
What are the factors that differentiate a mental problem and a mental illness?
severity, duraction, impact on fucntioning, level of stress and level of impairment
What are typical and atypical behaviours?
typical = person acts as they usually do, sometimes does not act as they usually do but this behaviour is temporary
atypical = person acts in a way that is unusual for them persistently and across situations
What are adaptive and maladaptive behaviours?
adaptive = behaviour that enables individuals to adjust to the environment appropraitely (age-appropraite & within socio-economic environment)
maladaptive = any behaviour that intereferes with the individual’s ability to adjust to environment appropriately (also called dysfunctional behaviour)
What is the 4P Factor Model?
describes influences on mental health in reagrds to risk and protective factors. Factors may be biological, psychological or social.
What is a predisposing factor + example?
Predisposing factor increases vulnerability to developing a mental disorder, however does not mean that an individual will eventually develop a disorder.
Examples include family history, brain injury, low levels of neurotransmitters, substance abuse, etc.
What is a precipitating factor + example?
Precipitating factors increase susceptibility to the occurence of a disorder. They hasten onset of a disorder and precede or are present at the time of onset.
Examples include poor sleep, substance misuse, recent loss, stress, etc.
What is a perpetuating factor + example?
Perpetuating factors maintain or prolong the occurence of a disorder. They may perpetuate the disorder and inhibit recovery.
Examples include continued use of substances, ongoing bullying, abusive relationship, homelessness, poor coping skills, etc.
What is a protective factor + example?
Proetctive factors enhance and safeguard mental health and reduce the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop or re-occur. They are also likely to depend on the disorder.
Examples include good relationships w/ freinds & family, supportive environment, good physical health, good diet/sleep patterns, etc.
What is a longitudinal study? (pros + cons)
Longitudinal studies employ continuous or repeated measures to follow particular individuals over prolonged periods of time—often years or decades.
What is a cross-sectional study? (pros + cons)
A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional research, you observe variables without influencing them.
What is first stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): focus on physcial sensations and leanring to coordinate the body.
Cognitive abilities developed include object permanence, self-recognition, deferred imitation, and representational play.
What is second stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): acquire ability to internally represent the world through langauge and mental imagery. During this period children are able to think at a symbolic level but not yet use cognitive operations.
