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Henry's MCAT Flashcards > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

1
Q

pgroupthink definition

A

a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform

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2
Q

method of loci

A

remember new information in sequential order, along an imaginary journey.

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3
Q

two types of interference in memory are:

A

proactive (old disrupt new) and retroactive

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4
Q

rods are responsible for what vision?

A

night vision

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5
Q

Memorized facts and ideas are stored in what kind of memory?

A

Semantic

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6
Q

Prevalence vs incidents

A

prevalence (currently diagnosed)
incidents (will be diagnosed)

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7
Q

Pre-conventional stage

A

decisions made based on direct consequences

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8
Q

conventional stage

A

decision made by comparing with current expectations

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9
Q

what is lalent function?

A

secondary role, indirect role

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10
Q

what is the function of pons
(regulates waking)

A

prevent us from physically responding to our dreams

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11
Q

internal locus of control vs external locus control

A

People who develop an internal locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own success. Those with an external locus of control believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.

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12
Q

retrograde memory

A

ability to recall events that occurred or information that was acquired prior to a particular point in time

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13
Q

anterograde memory

A

the ability to retain events, experiences, and other information following a particular point in time

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14
Q

cerebellum function

A

maintain balance, complex motor function

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15
Q

hippocampus function

A

learning and memory

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16
Q

thalamus function

A

body’s senses (except smell). Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory

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17
Q

vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

what a learner is capable of doing unsupported, and what they can do supported.

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18
Q

limbic system

A

behavioural and emotional responses

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19
Q

basal ganglia

A

motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions, movements (dopamine pathway)

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20
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

manic episodes that alternative with intervals of major depression

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21
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

involves predicting the outcome of events based on similar events that have occured

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22
Q

self-fulfilling

A

an attitude or prediction leads to itself becoming true

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23
Q

food deserts

A

lack access to fresh and healthy food

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24
Q

primary appraisal vs secondary appraisal

A

Primary appraisal involves determining whether the stressor poses a threat. Secondary appraisal involves the individual’s evaluation of the resources or coping strategies at his or her disposal for addressing any perceived threats.

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25
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in the magnitude of the response after repeated exposures

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26
Q

self discrepancy theory

A

The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their “actual” self to internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self”. Inconsistencies between “actual”, “ideal” and “ought” are associated with emotional discomforts

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27
Q

sensory bias

A

female have mating preferences

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28
Q

binocular cue

A

images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception, or stereopsis.
There are two types of binocular depth cues: convergence and retinal disparity.

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29
Q

broca area

A

motor speech area

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30
Q

conversion disorder

A

a condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurologic pathology.

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31
Q

somatic disorder

A

when a person has a significant concerns on physical symptoms

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32
Q

social loafing

A

social loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone

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33
Q

social facilitation

A

Social facilitation is a psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person’s performance

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34
Q

temporal lobe

A

interpreting sounds from the ears and plays a significant role in recognizing and using language
learning and memory

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35
Q

frontal love

A

frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function.

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36
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, taste, and temperature, touch, touch

responsible for spatial processing as well

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37
Q

impression management theorists define self as who the person actually is (T OR F)

A

true

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38
Q

cohort study

A

an approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many years). Specifically, cohort studies recruit and follow participants who share a common characteristic

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39
Q

retrospective study

A

A study that compares two groups of people

A prospective cohort study moves forward in time, following a group of participants to track the development of an outcome of interest. A retrospective cohort study moves backward in time, first identifying a group of people who already possess the outcome of interest, and then looking backwards to assess their exposure to a risk factor.

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40
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by human senses

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41
Q

thalamus function

A

All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus

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42
Q

opponent process theory

A

1.ability to perceive color is controlled by three receptor complexes with opposing actions.
2. The more you engage in the sport, the more the initial fear gets suppressed to the opposing reaction of relief and exhilaration

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43
Q

gestalt principle

A

laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar elements

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44
Q

multistability

A

ability to perceive image two or more ways

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45
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations

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46
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

responding only to certain stimuli, and not responding to those that are similar
ex: curse with friends but not grandpa

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47
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

It refers to the mental conflict that occurs when a person’s behaviors and beliefs do not align. It may also happen when a person holds two beliefs that contradict one another.

ex: should i eat pizza while I’m working out

causes a state of discomfort and then a motivation to fix it

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48
Q

hidden curriculum

A

implicit or unspoken values taught in school

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49
Q

aerosolize compounds

A

compounds detected by nose

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50
Q

deductive reasoning

A

All atoms have mass; calcium is an atom, so calcium has mass

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51
Q

Asch (from studies of conformity showed that)

A

lack of unanimity (no consensus) reduces the pressure to conform

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52
Q

role conflict

A

a person plays a criminal and a judge

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53
Q

Howard Gardner (in psychology) proposed what?

A

multiple intelligences

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54
Q

master status vs ascribed status

A

Ascribed statuses are statuses born with—e.g., race, sex, etc
Master status is the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual

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55
Q

Sect meaning in religious

A

A sect is a collection of individuals with distinct, often extreme religious beliefs. Typically, sects arise by “splitting off” from a more mainstream, larger religion.

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56
Q

Freud theory of personality (3 components)

A

The id represents a person’s base, animalistic, and often unconscious wants and urges, while the ego represents rational self-interest. Last of all, the superego contains the internalized moral codes of the individual’s society

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57
Q

Impression management meaning

A

Impression management is the effort (whether intentional or unconscious) to control the way that other people view oneself

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58
Q

Which stage of sleep does somnambulism (sleepwalk) occur

A

3 and 4
Note: the slowest sleep wave

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59
Q

Front stage vs back stage (impression management)

A

Front stage refers to a person’s behavior when he is performing for others, while back stage includes actions that occur when the person is acting freely.

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60
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Symbolic interactionism deals with how the perceived meanings of objects (or symbols) interact with each other and with larger institutions
Ex: a stick figure with dress symbolize woman
Example: when you see a doctor, you expect him to be professional and keep it confidential

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61
Q

Treisman’s model

A

Treisman’s model requires that stimuli at least be perceived by the subject, albeit at low levels if they are not relevant to the task at hand.
Note:
Treisman = incomplete filter

Broadbent = complete filter

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62
Q

Normative vs coercive vs utilitarian organization

A

Normative- voluntarily
Utilitarian-compensated for their efforts (employees)
Coercive- involuntarily

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63
Q

Later dysfunction

A

Unable to erect

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64
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors
(Consistency is the basis for this theory)
Note: people tend to change attitudes to match behavior than change behaviors

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65
Q

ambivalent attachment style example

A

mother displays unpredictable and inconsistent responses to her child, sometimes with appropriate attention, sometimes neglectfully

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66
Q

Immediately before sleep, EEG shows a shift to patterns of larger and slower waves called __________ waves.

A

During periods of relaxation, while a person is still awake, brain waves become slower, increase in amplitude, and become more synchronous. These types of waves are called alpha waves

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67
Q

kohlberg’s stages of moral development’

A
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68
Q

attribution theory

A

deals with how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience, as being either external or internal

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69
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

occurs when we start learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we’ll occupy in the future

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70
Q

Primary socialization

A

Primary socialization occurs early in a child’s life and is primarily due to the influence of family and close friends

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71
Q

developmental socialization

A

involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills

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72
Q

resocialization

A

the process of learning new attitudes and norms required for a new social role

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73
Q

Treisman’s attenuation model

A

the selective filter distinguishes between two messages on the basis of their physical characteristics, such as location, intensity and pitch

ex. pianist ignores the

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74
Q

self-serving bias

A

A student gets a good grade on a test and tells herself that she studied hard or is good at the material. She gets a bad grade on another test and says the teacher doesn’t like her or the test was unfair.

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75
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we tend to believe that others do bad things because they are bad people

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76
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

emotionally unstable

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77
Q

external validity

A

how well the experimental results may be generalized to other situations

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78
Q

conversion disorder

A

a mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation

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79
Q

retrospective vs prospective method

A

retrospective means looking backwards (into the past) while prospective means looking forward (into the future)

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80
Q

mediating variable vs moderating variable

A

A mediating variable (or mediator) explains the process through which two variables are related, while a moderating variable (or moderator) affects the strength and direction of that relationship.

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81
Q

anterior pituitary vs posterior pituitary

A

The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels. The posterior pituitary gland forms part of the brain and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream under the command of the brain.

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82
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

Drive-reduction theory is based on the idea that the primary motivation behind all human behaviour is to reduce ‘drives

ex. We eat when we’re hungry to reduce the discomfort that hunger causes within our bodies

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83
Q

hypothalamus function

A

hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing and in stress control.

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84
Q

frontal lobe function

A

The frontal lobe controls high-level cognitive skills like: planning; self-control; memory formation; empathy; attention

Project future consequences of current actions

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85
Q

temporal lobe function

A

processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

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86
Q

operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

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87
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

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88
Q

Attrition bias

A

the way participants are lost from a study

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89
Q

distress vs eustress vs neustress

A

distress is negative stress, detrimental to your health
eustress is positive stress, motivate you
neustress is negative, but it doesn’t influence you

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90
Q

three core components of emotions

A

physiological arousal: how your body reacts to emotions
expressive displays: how you express your emotions
subjective experience: how you feel and interpret your emotions

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91
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotions

A

exposure to stimulus, physiological arousal, then cognitive interpretation, then experience of emotion

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92
Q

construct validity

A

your test or measure accurately assesses what it’s supposed to

the degree to which a test or instrument is capable of measuring a concept, trait, or other theoretical entity.

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93
Q

availability heuristic vs representative heuristic

A

Representative heuristic is where people use existing memories to identify associated characteristics of an object or a person. By contrast, the availability heuristic is where we use existing memories to identify the likelihood of an outcome occurring.

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94
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were

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95
Q

normative influence vs informational influence

A

Normative Influence is conformity based on one’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations and gain acceptance. Informational influence is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others

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96
Q

belief perserverance

A

tendency to maintain one’s beliefs, even in the face of evidence to the contrary

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97
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

when one option has both positive and negative aspects

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98
Q

asch study on conformity

A

line A is bigger than line B, no it’s not!

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99
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

is the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for an individual’s observed behavior while overemphasizing dispositional- and personality-based explanations

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100
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Absolute threshold is the smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

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101
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

She caught that ball in front of me, she’s trying to embarrass me!

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102
Q

Sensory neurons in joint muscles is what type of sense

A

Kinesthesia (also known as proprioception) is the sense we have of our body position, movements, and relationships between movements of different body parts. Sensory neurons in the joints and muscles convey kinesthetic information to the brain.

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103
Q

Is birth rate lower than mortality rate a post industrial age or mature industrial age?

A

Post industrial age

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104
Q

prospective memory

A

involves remembering that you need to do something in the future

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105
Q

dissociative disorder

A

lack of continuity in memories

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106
Q

synaptic pruning

A

removal of synapses that are not heavily used durin development,therefore enchancing strong connection

(similar to long-term potentiation, except synaptic pruning responsible for structural chances, whereas long-term potentiation is resulted from repeated behavior)

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107
Q

long-term potentiation

A

strengthening of synaptic connections due to high frequency stimulation

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108
Q

ego

A

according to reality principle, and try to avoid socially unacceptable behaviors

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109
Q

moderating variable

A

influence the strength of a relationship between separate independent and dependent variables

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110
Q

stapes (in ear)

A
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111
Q

vestibule (in ear)

A

feel the acceleration

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112
Q

Wernicke area in temporal lobe

A

logical sentence. Wernicke aphasia would then result in nonsense sentences

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113
Q

globalization does not increase job security (T OR F)

A

True

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114
Q

Hypersensitivity to light touch may indicate a disorder that involves

A

Meissner corpuscles

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115
Q

narcissistic vs paranoid vs borderline personality disorder

A

narcissistic: self-image
borderline: emotional instability
paranoid : distrust

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116
Q

Mores definition

A

It is expected that one would hold the door for a person behind him or her when entering a building.

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117
Q

folkways definition

A

less severe than mores (ex. sneeze and cover up)

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118
Q

deindividuazation

A

when people are in a mosh pit at a concert, they’re punching the air and shaking their heads frantically-behaviors they wouldn’t engage in if they weren’t a part of a crowd

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119
Q

which personality trait determines one’s behavior

A

cardinal trait

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120
Q

industry vs. inferiority stage of development

A

when a child learns how to use skills to get into society

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121
Q

Goldberg’s five factors of personality

A

Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness (to experience), Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.

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122
Q

looking-glass self

A

we form our “selves” based not on how others actually view us, but on our perceptions of those viewpoints. For example, if his friends view him successful, he will form the identity of a successful person

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123
Q

development of the “I” and the “me,”

A

he “me” is our social self and the “I” is our response to the “me.

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124
Q

Humanistic theory of personality

A

people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better (have self-actualization)

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125
Q

A case study describes a patient who has hair cells only in part of his cochlea. Which symptom is most likely to be caused by this deficiency?

A

The inability to hear sounds of certain frequencies

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126
Q

PTSD

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it

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127
Q

Fisherian selection

A

peacocks showing feathers

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128
Q

mnemonics technique in memories

A

a way to help you memorize a phrase or idea with patterns. Mnemonic techniques can include songs, poems, rhymes, outlines, images and acronyms.

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129
Q

Gestalt principle of good continuation

A

we perceive this image as two lines instead of four separate lines

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130
Q

George Herbert Mead described four stages of the development of the “self (in order )

A

imitation, play, game, and the generalized other

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131
Q

Kelley’s covariation model

A

An attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way
The concept of using consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency cues to make attributions

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132
Q

Parallel play (observe others and do not influence behavior) is most common for which group of people

A

preschool kids

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133
Q

Cannon-bard emotion theory

A

physiological arousal and a subjective feeling of aggression are separate

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134
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A
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135
Q

Maslow’s theory (include self-actualization)

A
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136
Q

kinship of affinity in psychology

A

when individuals get together by choice

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137
Q

anomie meaning in psychology

A

no moral or social principles in a society.
Also, it is an alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak

138
Q

cultural taboos example

A

people are prohibited from eating pork

139
Q

internal validity

A

extent of causal relationship

140
Q

role strains

A

come from too many stress from too many demands within a single role

141
Q

inclusive fitness

A

animal behave in certain way to ensurer the propagation of its or similar gene

142
Q

Erikson’s stages of development,

A
143
Q

house money effect

A

the tendency for investors to take more and greater risks when investing with profits from previous trading

144
Q

anomie theory

A

those who experience low appreciation from the society less likely to contribute to the society

145
Q

relative deprivation theory

A

individuals seek out resources they perceive themselves as lacking relative to others

146
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

a person’s behavior influences and is influenced by the environment and personal factors

147
Q

an ideal bureaucracy organization has what

A

explicit well written rules

148
Q

diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires at least one of the two symptoms

A

depressed mood (sadness) and lack of pleasure (anhedonia)

149
Q

Authoritarian vs authoritative

A

Authoritarian- high control low warmth
Authoritative- high control high warmth

150
Q

somatic symptoms

A

symptoms experience in the body, not psychological

151
Q

Gardner’s multiple intelligence

A
152
Q

agoraphobia in psychology

A

anxiety symptoms in reaction to situations where the sufferer perceives the environment to be dangerous

153
Q

ataxia in psychology

A

impaired coordination of muscle movements

154
Q

in which stage of sleep would patient display beta waves

A

when awake or REM sleep

155
Q

mirror neurons roles

A

observational learning and empathy or emotions for others

156
Q

acute stress

A

stress arise from daily activities that are unpredictable

157
Q

fixed ratio vs variable ratio vs fixed interval vs variable interval

A
158
Q

group polarization

A

Phenomenon where group members take a stronger/more extreme view point as a group

159
Q

what is an example of scapegoat

A

expressing anger about bikers even though they didn’t commit the crime

160
Q

Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe, while wernicke’s is part of the temporal lobe

A

True

161
Q

James-Lange theory vs Cannon-Bard theory. vs Schachter-Singer theory

A
162
Q

amygdala is located in the temporal lobe

A

True

163
Q

primary group vs secondary group

A

A primary group is a small group based largely on long-term face-to-face interaction
A secondary group is one based on shared goals or interests in which the members are rarely if ever in face-to-face contact

164
Q

Function of horizontal cells

A

discerns edges of objects and detect visual contrasts

165
Q

the elaboration likelihood model

A

information may be processed peripherally (shallowly) or centrally (more thorough)

166
Q

The mesolimbic pathway

A

NOTE:it’s reward pathway
responsible for addictive behaviors like drug use or gambling

167
Q

Ego-syntonic disorder

A

instead of feeling sick, she feels normal

168
Q

role playing

A

cause individuals to adopt new attitudes that were not previously presented

169
Q

Negotiation vs adjustment phase of cultural shock

A

Signs of anxiety, loneliness are second stage (negotiation)
Justing used to the new environment (adjustment)

170
Q

0-24 month (according to Piaget stage), children know objects exist even when hidden

A

True

171
Q

2-7 years, children think egocentric (self-center) and symbolic

A

True

172
Q

activity theory

A

old people want to be involved as much as young people

173
Q

central vision vs peripheral vision

A

Central (cones)
peripheral (rods): night and motion

174
Q

religiosity vs religious affiliation

A

religiosity: individual internalizes and incorporates religion into their life
religious affiliation: identify with certain religion

175
Q

dyad (group of two) vs triad (group of three)

A

two is more intimate but less stable

176
Q

objective measures vs subjective measures

A

objective- direct measure
subjective- what they say

177
Q

posterior pituitary function

A

release oxytocin and vasopressin
Oxytocin is involved primarily in attachment and pair bonding. Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, regulates the reabsorption of water from the kidneys.

178
Q

vicarious emotion

A

同情心

179
Q

weber law

A

If you can barely perceive the difference between 10 lb and 11 lb (a 10% difference), you can also just barely detect a difference between 50 lb and 55 lb (a 10% difference)

180
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

A
181
Q

place theory

A

Place theory explains the perception of sound pitch (how high or low a tone is). Inside the cochlea

182
Q

motion parallax

A

object in the back moves slower than objects in the front

183
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A
184
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy vs humanistic therapy

A
185
Q

actor-observer bias

A

The actor-observer bias is an attributional bias that describes the tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external factors but the actions of others to internal factors.

186
Q

brain lobes functions

A
187
Q

taste aversion is long lasting

A

True

188
Q

types of kinship

A
189
Q

Major theories of human development

A
190
Q

regression

A

a child going through a stressful divorce may start wetting the bed again

191
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

we attempt to change a person’s attitude through communication (such as catch phrase)

peripherial vs central procesisng

192
Q

Gestalt principle of perception

A
193
Q

Monocular depth cue

A
194
Q

fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems. Crystallized intelligence is your stored knowledge

195
Q

context dependent memory

A

Context-dependent memoryrefers to the fact that individuals are better able to remember information when they are in the same context in which that information was learned

196
Q

proximal stimulus

A

proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina)

197
Q

Psychophysical Discrimination Testing

A

varying a physical stimulus slightly and observing the effect on a subject’s experience or behavior in order to better understand perceptual processing

198
Q

practice effect

A

Practice effects refers to when you have subjects repeatedly doing something, they are bound to get better for it.

199
Q

context effect

A

the apparent brightness of a stimulus depends not only on its own luminance but also on that of the surrounding stimulation

200
Q

rationalization

A

Rationalization occurs when an individual unconsciously generates an acceptable excuse for an unacceptable behavior or thought

201
Q

overextension

A

is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).

202
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s disease already have insufficient dopamine levels. Therefore, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further reduce dopamine’s impact, and worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors.

A

True

203
Q

Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

204
Q

Humanistic Theory (Maslow’s)

A

people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs such as esteem

205
Q

neuroleptic treat schezophrenia but causes negative symptoms

A

TRue
note: it only treat positive symptoms, not negative

206
Q

avoidant attachment vs anxious-ambivalent attachment

A
207
Q

defense mechanism: projection, rationalization, reaction formation, emotion displacement

A
208
Q

differential association theory

A

interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

209
Q

Demographic transition

A

shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies

210
Q

corpus callosum

A

connect the two hemispheres

211
Q

left vs right brain

A
212
Q

agent of socialization

A

Agents of socialization include people such as family, friends, and neighbours, social institutions such as religion and school, consumption of mass media

213
Q

cross sectional study

A

collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

214
Q

ethnographic study

A

the researcher immerses himself in the environment. (observe their behavior and interactions up close)

215
Q

morphine

A

relief from physical pain, decrease in hunger, and inhibition of the cough reflex.

216
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence

217
Q

oxytocin released by what

A

produced by hypothalamus and released by pituitary gland (reproductive )

218
Q

hypothalamus control what

A

Control endocrine system, which produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, blood pressure, body temperature, appetite, and sleep

219
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience.

220
Q

obedience is in which an individual carries out orders given by an authority figure

A

True

221
Q

young helmholtz theory

A

all colors we see are the results of combined activity of three photoreceptors

222
Q

social stratification three components

A

social class, social status, power

223
Q

hawthorne effect

A

participants behave differently as a result of knowing they are being obsereved

224
Q

push and pull factors

A

push factor describe why people move away from native country, pull factors describe why they move to a new country

225
Q

cultural relativism

A

there are no right or wrong culture

226
Q

source monitoring error

A

An example of a source monitoring error would be incorrectly recalling a conversation that occurred in a dream as reality.

227
Q

humanistic approach vs behavioral approach

A

Behaviorists treat only the behavior of their clients, applying positive consequences for desirable behavior and removing positive consequences for undesirable behavior. Humanists target people’s intentions, focusing on discovering a client’s personal perceptions, motives, and self-concept.

228
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

The psychodynamic approach to psychology focuses on the internal, unconscious mental forces that individuals are largely unaware of, but drive emotions and actions

229
Q

reticular formation

A

deep in the brainstem, is concerned with functions involving arousal, particularly the sleep-wake cycle

230
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities.

231
Q

olfaction and gustation are chemically gated ion channels

A

True

232
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

person’s stress response always follow similar pattern. Has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

233
Q

reliability vs validity

A

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure
Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure

234
Q

shadowing

A

a participant repeats aloud a message word for word at the same time that the message is being presented

235
Q

MRI vs pET vs CT (CAT) scans vs fMRI

A

MRI looks at structural anatomy
fMRI measure which areas are most activated
PET detect for tumors, localized structural activity
CT is similar to MRI

236
Q

what are universal emotions

A

fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, sadness

237
Q

fovea vs periphery of retina

A

fovea (more cones) is for daytime vision, the periphery (more rods) is for night vision

238
Q

negative symptoms: absence of appropriate behaviors

A

Such as emotional flattening

239
Q

neuroleptics

A

drugs to treat schizophrenia but also triggers negative symptoms

240
Q

visual field are presented to the opposite hemisphere of the brain

A

True

241
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

had a genetic predisposition to depression and unemployment acted as the trigger

242
Q

Memory specificity

A

The encoding specificity principle shows that memories are linked to the context in which they are created

243
Q

rational choice perspective

A

individual behavior will be based on implicit analysis of the costs and benefits

244
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

one theory of impression management that uses theater as a metaphor to explain how people behave in front of others/the “audience”

245
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

one theory of impression management that uses theater as a metaphor to explain how people behave in front of others/the “audience”

246
Q

nociceptor

A

pain receptors

247
Q

the only drug that is endorphins agonist is

A

morphine

248
Q

Malthusian theory (positive vs negative check)

A

overpopulate, so disasters like famine will occur to bring down the population to a stable level

249
Q

the mere exposure effect

A

preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them

250
Q

mass hysteria

A

refers to collective delusions about threats to society that spread rapidly through rumors and fear.

251
Q

spreading activation theory

A

For example, you could see a Coca-Cola can in the background of a movie you’re watching and suddenly feel an urge to drink a can yourself. Spreading activation is mostly a concept that describes an association network of similar concepts.

252
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a constant odor becomes less noticeable over time

253
Q

symptoms depression

A
254
Q

somatic disorders

A
255
Q

behaviorist approach emphasizes changes in behavior due to desirable and undesirable outcomes.

A

True (largely unconscious/automatic learning processes)

256
Q

Incongruence refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self

A

True

257
Q

“glass escalator” suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women (such as teaching or nursing) will quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions

A

True

258
Q

binocular cues vs monocular cues

A

For binocular cues- you have retinal disparity (where the image from each eye is compared and the difference between the two images in where things are located gives your brain info on the depth of something) theres convergence, which is the degree to which your eyes bend or rotate to look at something, which tells your brain how close or far away it is. Things that are closer require our eyes to bend inward more to focus it, and so if your eyes bend more, your brain knows its closer to you.

For monocular cues, you have motion parallax, which says that things closer to you move faster than those farther away (on a road trip the road moves much much faster than the clouds) and relative size (things closer to you are bigger than those far away, like a skyscraper), theres light and shade (basically shading gives you ideas of form and depth) and interposition (things that are partially covered by an object are behind that object).

259
Q

hyperarousal is a symptom for what

A

PTSD

260
Q

The kinesthetic system is focused on balance and an individual’s sense of his body in the world.

A

True

261
Q

The pineal gland primarily produces melatonin.

A

True

262
Q

Tactile perception involves perceiving information related to touch

A

true

263
Q

The affect heuristic is

A

the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

264
Q

Old age person loves granchildren

A
265
Q

drugs

A
266
Q

pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease involves amyloid plaque buildup (in the extracellular fluid) and neurofibrillary tangles (occur intracellularly), along with hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins.

A

True

267
Q

Galton intelligence
Binet intelligence
Spearman intelligence
Thorndikes intelligence

A

Galton: genetic/biological
Binet: IQ
Spearman: one general factor
Thorndikes: social (language, understand, speak_

268
Q

Yerkes-dodson law

A

intermediate stress would lead to max performance

269
Q

REM rebound is a response to sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound results in increasing REM duration

270
Q

false consciousness

A

false: this article is right, health is entirely my fault
class: this article doesn’t consider how hard for people in my class to be healthy

271
Q

Trait theorists attempt to explain personality in terms of observable personality characteristics, or traits,

A

True

272
Q

neuroticism

A

emotional instability

273
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can successfully mediate between one’s impulsive, pleasure-seeking id and the goals of the idealistic superego. (unconscious)

274
Q

dishabituation

A

habituation: decreased response to a stimulus over time (eg, no longer noticing that a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes)

dishabituation: A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (eg, after taking off the sweater & then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)

275
Q

intersectionality

A

we hold multiple, interconnected identity that will impact our life

276
Q

Escape learning occurs when an organism learns how to terminate an ongoing unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns how to prevent coming into contact with an unpleasant stimulus before it occurs.

A

True

277
Q

strain theory

A

Person blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal (negative events) thru legit means which results in frustration (negative feelings) and would lead to deviance (negative behaviors)

278
Q

Differential association theory

A

Differential association theory suggests deviance is learned through interaction with others engaging in deviance.

279
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

by hypothalamus, is used to regulate the circadian pacemaker that controls circadian rhythms

280
Q

monoamine hypothesis

A

The monoamine hypothesis states that a depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the central nervous system causes depression symptoms.

281
Q

anhedonia

A

Anhedonia refers to the loss of ability to feel pleasure (typical symptom in depression)

282
Q

An aggregate is a collection of individuals who share a common location but do not identify as a group

A

True

283
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

emotion reacting to a stigma

284
Q

gambler fallacy

A

mistaken belief that if something happen more frequently now, it will less likely to occur in the future

285
Q

signal detection vs features detection

A

Feature detection: we break up motion, color, and form into separate components which are processed separately in our brains. Signal detection is more about detecting stimuli when there is a certain threshold of noise in the background

For signal detection: A hit would be if you feel your phone vibrate and it actually did, a miss would be your phone vibrates and you don’t notice it, and a correct rejection is if your phone doesn’t vibrate and you don’t feel it vibrate.

286
Q

The halo effect

A

is an attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (eg, physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities (eg, intelligence)

287
Q

desensitization vs habituation

A

Habituation: Decreased response to a stimulus over time (eg, no longer noticing that a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes)
Dishabituation: A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (eg, after taking off the sweater & then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)
Sensitization: Increased response to a stimulus over time (eg, sweater’s scratchiness becomes more irritating until it is unbearable)
Desensitization:Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus over time (eg, irritation from previously unbearable scratchiness diminishes over time)

288
Q

Social exchange theory is a microsociological perspective that asserts that individuals interact with each other to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost.

A

True
Another term for this is rational choice theory

289
Q

baroreceptor

A

sense for change in pressure

290
Q

fads

A

A social movement that gains and loses popularity quickly, lasting for a short period of time but reaching a large number of people.

291
Q

mechanoreceptor is when

A

we hear stuff (with hair )

292
Q

Identity diffusion (low commitment, low exploration): People at this level lack direction, have not explored options, and have not committed to a particular career path or future.

Identity foreclosure (high commitment, low exploration): People at this level have accepted an identity that they have been assigned (typically by a parent or authority figure) without contemplation or exploration.

Identity moratorium (low commitment, high exploration): People at this level are still trying new activities and thinking about a career path, but have not yet arrived at a decision.

Identity achievement (high commitment, high exploration): People at this level have explored their options and typically feel confident about who they are and what they want to do in the future.

A

True

293
Q

The illness experience discusses how chronically ill individuals make sense of and manage their illness in daily life and what effect illness has on their sense of self-identity.

A

True

294
Q

what is in the temporal lobe

A

amygdala and hypocampus

295
Q

limbic system mnomonic

A

hippo wears HAT

296
Q

The visuospatial sketchpad is employed when manipulating visual and/or spatial information (eg, reading a map). The phonological loop is employed when manipulating spoken and written information (eg, reading a book). The episodic buffer is responsible for temporal processing (understanding the timeline of events)

A

True

297
Q

consanguineal kinship

A

(genetically related individuals

298
Q

somatosensory system

A

Somatosensory input: Proprioceptors, found in skeletal muscles, tendons, skin, and joints, provide information about the location and movement of our body in space

299
Q

Interactionist perspective vs nativist perspective vs learning perspective

A

interactionist: biological and social
nativist: biological
learning: operant condition & language imitation

300
Q

Language Theories

A

Universalism - thought determines language fully

Vygotsky’s theory - thought and language develop separately but converge later on

301
Q

From the structural functionalist perspective, social institutions have manifest functions, which are expected, and latent functions, which are unintended

A

True

302
Q

praise is primary or secondary reinforcer ?

A

secondary

303
Q

proprioception

A

sense of position

different than kinesthesia (for movement)

304
Q

Fertility is number of children a woman has in her lifetime. Fecundity is the potential to bear children.

A

True

305
Q

drugs

A

stimulants: cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine

depressants: alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates

hallucinogen: mushrooms, LSD

pain killers: opioids, opiates

marijuana can be ANY of the categories

306
Q

ear structure

A

these three bones together are called ossicles

307
Q

presbyopia & hyperopia vs myopia

A

presbyopia & hyperopia: farsighted (focus behind of retina)
myopia: nearsighted (focus in front of retina)

308
Q

sacroplastic reticulum is ligand or voltage gated for Ca= release?

A

voltage gated

309
Q

foot in door vs door in face

A

foot in door: small favor, then big favor
door in face: big favor, then small favor

310
Q

autocommunication

A

dolphine send signal and then it comes back to itself

311
Q

cross-sectional study measures

A

usually prevalence, such as percent of xxx, at a given time

312
Q

magno pathway vs parvo pathways (in visual perception)

A

magno: depth and motion
parvo: form and color
Note: parallel processing will take longer

313
Q

compliance

A

Compliance is a type of conformity whereby an individual publicly goes along with the group but privately maintains his or her own stance

314
Q

sect vs cult

A

A sect is something that is culturally/society accepted but it’s not fully incorporated.

A cult is not socially accepted or incorporated. This is something that is off on its own. The society views it and frowns on it.

315
Q

secularization vs modernization vs fundamentalism

A
316
Q

racialization vs stereotype threat

A

Racialization is the process by which one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities, such as physical attributes (eg, skin pigmentation) or behaviors (eg, religious practices). The designating group has more social power (dominant group) and exerts social control over the designated group, which has less social power (subordinate group).

stereotype threat: stereotype hinders performance

317
Q

schizophrenia symptoms

A

neuroleptic drugs/ atypical antipsychotic drugs treat positive symptoms only

318
Q

personality disorders

A
319
Q

hallucinogens have the lowest risk of dependence

A

True

320
Q

Emotionally intelligent people are self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses

A

True

321
Q

Weber’s ideal bureucracy

A
322
Q

cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission

A

Cultural transmission refers to the transmission of values and practices from one generation to another. The prompt does not describe cultural transmission.

Cultural diffusion indicates the mutual exchange of cultural values and practices among cultural groups in a society or among societie

323
Q

life course approach

A

how early childhood influence an individual’s later life outcomes

324
Q

how long does short-term memory last

A

Information is only maintained in short-term memory for approximately 20 seconds, unless it is actively rehearsed.

325
Q

demand characteristics in research bias

A

if participants guess the hypothesis, then they more likely to do things that confirm it

326
Q

big five of personality

A
327
Q

EEG vs CT vs PET vs fMRI

A
328
Q

drugs

A
329
Q
A
329
Q

general anxiety vs panic disorder

A

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated, uncontrollable, and unpredictable panic attacks, which are overwhelming surges of anxiety that peak within minutes. Repeated surges of overwhelming anxiety with racing heart, difficulty breathing, sweating, and a fear of losing one’s mind are most consistent with a diagnosis of panic disorder, not GAD.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a range of events. People with GAD may experience muscle tension; difficulty concentrating or sleeping; and restlessness, fatigue, or irritability.

330
Q

persuation level for elaboration likelyhood model

A
331
Q

example of self-fulling bias

A

For example, a student believes he is terrible at chemistry, so he does not study very hard for the chemistry final because he thinks, “Why bother? I’m terrible at this subject, so what is the point in trying?” His lack of preparation causes him to fail the exam, thus reinforcing his belief that he is bad at chemistry.

332
Q

spontanous recovery

A

Spontaneous recovery occurs when an extinct response reappears after a period of time.

333
Q

behaviorism

A

Behaviorism is a theory in psychology that focuses on the role the environment plays in shaping human behavior. Specifically, behaviorism focuses on how reinforcement and punishment shape human behavior.

334
Q

insomnia

A

trouble to sleep

335
Q

reward pathway

A
336
Q

type of stressor

A
337
Q

instinctive drift

A

Instinctive drift describes an animal’s reverting from a learned behavior to an innate behavior despite reinforcement

338
Q

counterbalancing

A

counterbalancing is used to control for the potential effects that the order of intervention administration may have on the results

339
Q

self-efficacy

A

Self-efficacy is one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

340
Q

social capital

A

social network (it’s not part of SES)

Henry's MCAT Flashcards (3 decks)

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