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AK MCAT Review > Psych & Soc > Flashcards

Psych & Soc Flashcards

1
Q

Embedded Field Study

A

Ex. If the researchers posed as patients

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2
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Analysis of patients over time

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3
Q

Mediating Variable

A

one that explains the relationship between two other variables

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4
Q

Moderator Variable

A

one that influences the strength of the relationship between two variables
Ex. Looking at the relationship between social status and testicular self-exam, AGE would be the moderator variable because relation between the two may be stronger for old men and less strong for young men

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5
Q

Confounding Variable

A

one which is not typically of interest to the researcher, but is an extraneous variable which is related to BOTH the dependent and independent variables

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6
Q

Cross’s Nigrescence Model of African-American identity

A

African-Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness

  1. Pre-encounter: tend to view the majority of Caucasian culture as more desirable and would view a white doctor as being more skilled
  2. Immersion-Emmersion: people would view the Caucasian race with resentment and distrust, and would prefer to be treated by someone that was Black
  3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of their own culture with that of the majority culture and working to rectify the past racial injustices
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7
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involved in working memory and human’s ability to project future consequences of current actions

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

regulates emotion and memory

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9
Q

Case Control Design

A

compares information about individuals with disease or condition against people without a disease or condition

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10
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

examine a group of individuals at one point in time

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11
Q

Randomized Control Trials

A

randomly assigning participants to one of two groups: control group vs. experimental group

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12
Q

Longitudinal Cohort Design

A

Following a group of participants over time and assessing them for multiple intervals

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13
Q

Social Constructionism

A

examines development of understanding of the world based on shared assumptions of reality

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14
Q

Reconstructive Bias

A

Bias related to memory: may not remember things as well when we are under a high amount of stress

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15
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Bias of how people respond to research questions

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16
Q

Attrition Bias

A

when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study

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17
Q

Selection Bias

A

Bias related to how people are chosen to participate
Ex. people who have witnessed more unethical behaviors in med school might be more likely to respond to a survey about it

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18
Q

Distress

A

A negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body. Occurs when there is a perceived threatening situation.

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19
Q

Eustress

A

A positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating

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20
Q

Neustress

A

When you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you.
Ex. when you hear about a natural disaster in another country but your body doesn’t perceive the stress as good or bad

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21
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory

A

Physiological Arousal –> Cognitively Interpret the Situation –> Experience the Emotion
Ex. Julia pets her cat.
1. Her blood pressure decreases and her brain releases oxytocin
2. She thinks about how much she loves her cat
3. Experiences happiness as a result

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22
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion –> cognitive aspects of emotion
Ex. increased heart rate and shouting make you understand that the situation is scary and make you feels afraid

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23
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion happen simultaneously and independently –> behavioral expression
Ex. Annabel’s brain released hormones at the same time she interpreted the situation as happy and calm –> Annabel smiled

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24
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time
Ex. A teacher who encouraged his own son to skip college and saving wasted tuition money who rates highly of the importance of higher education
vs.
Someone whose education stopped at 7th grade and no one in their family has attended college (they probably did not get the opportunity to but can still believe that higher education is important without conflicting idea)

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25
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Theory

A

People tend to perform their best when they are moderately emotionally stimulated

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26
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

-when response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
-produces highest response rates resistant to extinction
Ex. Slot Machines

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27
Q

Fixed-Ratio

A

After a certain number response they are rewarded with a reinforcer
Ex. answering three questions to recieve a gold star

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28
Q

Variable-Interval

A

Reinforcement is given to a response after varying amounts of time have passed
Ex. Checking facebook

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29
Q

Fixed-Interval

A

response is rewarded only after a specific amount of time has elapsed
Ex. Paychecks that are given out every two weeks

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30
Q

Stroop Effect

A

phenomenon where it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than information that is consonant.
Ex. RED being written in GREEN ink is harder to recognize than RED written in RED ink

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31
Q

External Validity

A

Generalizability of research to settings beyond the study

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32
Q

Criterion Validity

A

Extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

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33
Q

Construct Validity

A

The degree to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure

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34
Q

Discrimination

A

unfair treatment and harmful actions against others based on their membership in a specific social group

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35
Q

Stigma

A

disapproval attached to disobeying expected norms so a person is discredited as less than normal

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36
Q

Prejudice

A

preconceived opinions or attitudes that are usually negative and not based on any facts or experience
-prejudice = attitude; discrimination = action

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37
Q

Semantic Memory

A

memory related to facts and information

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38
Q

Conditioned Memory

A

memory formed between association of two things (i.e. professor rings a bell at the end of class so you know that the bell is a sign the exam is over)

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39
Q

Informational Influence

A

Influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, comes into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct.
Ex. what anti-vaxxers are using to get people on their side

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40
Q

Normative Influence

A

Influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval

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41
Q

Ingratiation

A

Attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your request

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42
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Sees emotions in pairs and states that when one emotion is experienced the other is suppressed
Ex. Fear-Relief, Pleasure-Pain
Ex. Motivation for drug use –> increased drug use –> changes in physiology –> results in tolerance and withdrawals

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43
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

Drive is a state of tension or arousal created by biological or physiological needs. Drive creates a tension or unpleasant state that needs to be reduced.
Ex. We seek food because we are hungry. Or go to work so we can afford to buy food

44
Q

Expectancy-Value Theory

A

amount of motivation is based on individual’s expectation of success and how much that success is valued

45
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Motivation that comes from desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

46
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

Three universal needs that need to be satisfied in order for one to create healthy relationships with others:

  1. Autonomy
  2. Competence
  3. Relatedness
47
Q

Arousal Theory

A

People perform actions to maintain arousal (staying awake and active to stimuli)
-Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance is best at medium arousal

48
Q

Instinct Theory

A

People perform certain behaviors out of instinct

49
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Option with appealing and negative characteristics

50
Q

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Two options with both appealing and negative characteristics
Ex. If a jury rules a defendant guilty they would either be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing someone innocent (avoidant). But if they rule innocent, they could let a criminal walk away (avoidant) or freeing an innocent (approach)

51
Q

Avoidant-Avoidant Conflict

A

both options are unappealing

52
Q

Asch’s Line Experiment Study of Conformity

A
  • Solomon Asch conducted an experiment investigating extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform
  • Used confederates who were instructed to give incorrect answers regarding lengths of various lines –> then measured number of times each unknowing participant conformed to the majority view
  • Confederates never provided an explanation for their choices to the group
53
Q

Cialdini’s 6 Principles of Persuasion

A
  1. providing a favor (reciprocity)
  2. Being likable
  3. social proof (that lots of people have your opinion)
  4. Obtaining a written commitment of agreement from a juror
  5. Consistency: pressure to behave within own words and actions
  6. Scarcity: people overvalue things that are rare
  7. Authority: people agree if they think you’re legit
54
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them

55
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

When an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events

56
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Expresses differences between actual physical changes and perceived changes
Ex. a 10% increase in area is perceptible which means any difference of 1-9% will not be perceptible

57
Q

Stanley Millgram

A

Demonstrated that individuals would follow the order of a superior if instructed to go against their conscience

58
Q

Conflict Theory

A

-Karl Marx: Socialism
-claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of limited access to resources
-foundation is from inequality and unfairness in education
Ex. Religion helps to increase social solidarity

59
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A
  • Human cognition is affected by language

- Ex. Humans are better able to distinguish colors for which their language has a name

60
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

When memory from one source is wrongfully attributed to another source

61
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A
  • lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and identities
  • people with disorder escape reality in ways that are involuntary and unhealthy, cause impairment of daily functioning
  • Ex. A woman in a bad marriage cannot remember the details of her marriage
62
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Mental condition when a person has blindness, paralysis, pain or other neurologic symptoms that cannot be explained by other medical symptoms

63
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • positive Sx: hallucinations, delusions

- negative Sx: blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, lack of interest/enthusiasm, inability to carry a conversation

64
Q

Schizoid

A

Emotionally detached, show little emotion

65
Q

Schizotypal

A

Odd beliefs/magical thinking

66
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

67
Q

Relative Poverty

A

People lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain average standard of living in society

68
Q

Structural Poverty

A

Poverty due to defect in economic structure

69
Q

Marginal Poverty

A

State of poverty that occurs when a person lacks stable employment

70
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Poverty so severe that one lacks the resources to survive

71
Q

Schemas

A

Memory schemas are organized clusters of knowledge

-the way schemas are activated and processed may indicate the person’s implicit attitude

72
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Decrease in performance when presented with a negative stereotype
Ex. Idea that women will do worse on math exams after being shown data that people believe they will

73
Q

Primary Group

A

small social groups whose members share personal and lasting relationships

74
Q

Secondary Group

A

large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal oriented, usually temporary relationships

75
Q

Front-Stage Vs. Back-Stage Presentations

A

Front-Stage: acting for public consumption, societal expectations
Back-Stage: real self, less varnished

76
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • idea that individuals are more productive alone than in a group
  • individuals are also less critical and creative in groups
77
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years): experiencing world through senses and actions
    - object permanence
    - stranger anxiety
  2. Preoperational (2 to 6/7 years): representing things with words and images; intuitive rather than logical reasoning
    - pretend play
    - egocentrism
    - language development
  3. Concrete Operational (7 to 11): thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and arithmetical operations
    - conservation
    - mathematical transformations
  4. Formal Operational (12 to adulthood): Abstract reasoning
    - abstract logic
    - potential for mature moral reasoning
78
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay station

79
Q

Medulla

A

Involuntary Functions:

  1. controls autonomic processes bp, heart rate, blood flow, respiratory rate, swallowing and vomiting
  2. controls reflex reactions like coughing and sneezing
  3. relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus
80
Q

8 Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Doubt
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Integrity vs. Despair
81
Q

5 Stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latent
  5. Genital
82
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ex. individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards

83
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A
  • practical intelligence
  • creative intelligence
  • analytical intelligence
84
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole
-all social actions have a manifest (intended) function and a latent (unintended) function: connected to overall social stability

85
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Assessed during observational research where participants perform better when they are aware of researcher/observer’s presence and worse when they are not

86
Q

Horizontal Mobility

A

An individual changes some aspect of social identity but maintains the same relative status (ex. a person loses their job but gets similar income through social security disability insurance)

87
Q

Exchange Mobility

A

Suggests that society is made up of classes and these classes maintain a relatively static number of people
Ex. if a set number of people move upward from middle class, an equal number of people is expected to move downward from the upper class

88
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

vivid, compelling memories usually associated with emotionally arousing events

89
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

AKA photographic memory: able to recall images from memory vividly after only a few instances of exposure

90
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do a planned action in the future

91
Q

Iconic Memory

A

lasts very briefly before quickly fading; part of visual memory system that includes short-term memory and long-term memory

92
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory of facts, people, names, math

  1. Episodic
  2. Semantic
93
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives

94
Q

REM Rebound

A

lengthening and increasing frequency of REM sleep after experiencing sleep deprivation

95
Q

Dichotic Listening Task

A

Presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear

96
Q

Life Course Perspective

A

How patterns develop at particular life stages
Ex. alcohol, tobacco, and drug use interventions are often designed to prevent or delay risky behaviors because patterns established in adolescence are associated with disorders in adulthood

97
Q

Macrosociological Perspective

A

Describes the big picture interactions between social structures

98
Q

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

considers biological factors AND psych/sociological factors
(ex. African-Americans have higher incidence of heart disease because of epigenetic factors + trauma associated with discrimination)

99
Q

PET Scan

A

Best for identifying brain functioning in localized areas (specifically looks at brain activation)

100
Q

CT Scan

A

Creates cross-sectional images of the area observed

101
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • presence of NMDA receptors (control synaptic plasticity and memory function) is most abundant in hippocampal neurons
  • converts short term memory into long term memory
102
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain or enhance self-esteem.
Ex. Something good happens, you take all the credit.
Something bad happens, you put all the blame on someone else

103
Q

Five Factor Model

A

Five Factor Model of Personality:

  1. Extraversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Neuroticism
  5. Openness to Experience
104
Q

Role Strain vs. Role Conflict

A

Role Strain: occurs within one particular role
Ex. getting better grades as a student
Role Conflict: occurs between two roles
Ex. being a student and an employee

105
Q

Manifest Function vs. Latent Function vs. Discriminatory Function

A
  • Manifest Function: recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
  • Latent Function: unrecognized and unintended consequences
  • Discriminatory Function: which variable discriminates between two or more naturally occurring groups

AK MCAT Review (4 decks)

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