Psych/Soc Flashcards
(46 cards)
Differentiate social constructionism and symbolic interactionism.
social construct: Macro-theory. It describes that humans ‘create’ their realities (vs. discovering them). There are ‘brute’ physical facts, and there are ‘institutional’ facts.
symbolic interactionism: Micro-theory. It is relatively the same, but in a smaller scale, individual interactions create symbolic meanings.
Define functionalism vs. conflict theory?
Functionalism: society is created of many components that work together and create harmony.
Conflict: society is made up of many components that compete against each other
What are sanctions?
social expressions of approval/dsapproval for conforming (or not) to social norms
Define rational choice theory. How is exchange theory expressed by this?
Peoples actions dictated by a rational consideration of alternatives.
Exchange theory is rational choice theory applied to social interactions.
Differentiate folkways, mores and taboos.
folkways: norms governing casual interations
mores: norms for moral standards
taboo: not just immoral but repulsive
What is the different between power and authority?
Power is used to exert will even when opposed. Authority is viewed as legitimiate.
Differentiate segregation and stratification in education?
Segregation = students in disadvantaged groups have lower quality education than privileged. Stratification = separation of students into groups on basis of academic achievement.
What is an increase in population going to be due to?
a DECREASE in mortality rate (with an increase in birthrate)
What does the (+) and (-) mean in regards to reinforcement?
Adding something or taking away something in the situation
Differentiate between ESCAPE conditioning and AVOIDANCE conditioning?
Escape = learned behaviour allows subjects to escape unpleasant stimuli Avoidance = learned behaviour allows subject to avoid unpleasant stimuli by employing specific response
How do you define a bureaucracy?
A group that is focused on efficiency and effectiveness to accomplish their goals
Differentiate role conflict and role strain?
Conflict = 2+ roles an individual plays have conflicting requirements Strain = Demands of single role become demanding
How is Groupthink different from Group polarization?
GroupThink involves suppressing some opinions to come to a decision for harmonies sake, and polarization is when attitudes of individuals are increased when in group
What does peer pressure stem from?
stems from ACCEPTANCE by a group
What is social facilitation
The tendency to perform better when being watched, when already skilled at something
Define social loafing?
Slacking off in group settings because you know others will work harder
What is strain theory?
The conflict between societal expectations and the socially accepted methods of gaining those expectations (where deviance occurs)
How do you differentiate in-group and primary group?
An in-group is a group an individual shares an identity with and feels loyal towards vs. a primary group is intimate relationships with, like friends r family
What are the personality theories that take into consideration the person determining them?
Social cognitive theory and humanistic theory
What are the trait theories that do not take into the persons conscious control?
Trait theory, Biological theory, psychoanalytic theory and behaviourist theory
Differentiate between social identity and reference group?
Social identity is a person’s view of themselves as a member of a social group
but reference group provides a model of appropriate actions, values and worldview for an individual
Self esteem is a ________ factor between self concept and experience
mediating factor
What is the order of Freud’s psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
What is the basis of vygotsky’s theory of development?
Social interactions and learning are important for cognitive development
