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Psych/Soc Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What is a model?

A

Models provide an approximation or conceptual representation of a scientific phenomenon. For example, the structures of mental life (the ID, ego and superego)

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

Theories are meant to explain the results of studies and to provide ideas for designing new ones

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3
Q

Social constructivism

A

The shared beliefs and understandings create reality. Some argue that reality has no meaning beyond human beliefs

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4
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Smaller scale interaction between individuals and in small groups.

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Parts of society have specific functions that make up the greater whole

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6
Q

Conflict theory

A

Contends that groups are in constant battle with one another over resources and power

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7
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Individual actions are dictated by rational consideration of alternatives

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8
Q

Exchange theory

A

Actions are governed by the amount of reward of punishment

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9
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Shared system of beliefs, norms and values. For example, a handshake. It has meaning by a culture though it is an arbitrary movement.

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10
Q

Power

A

Allows individuals or groups to exert their will even when they are opposed by others

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11
Q

Authority

A

A type of power that is viewed as legitimate by the population

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12
Q

Capitalism

A

Resources and the means to produce goods and services are privately controlled by individuals and organizations. The desire for profit drives commercial activity.

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13
Q

Socialism

A

Production of goods and services are controlled collectively. They are typically less productive compared to capitalism

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14
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

The unspoken aims of education, such as teaching students to conform to societal expectations.

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15
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

Teachers treating students differently according to preconceived ideas about their capabilities.

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16
Q

Educational segregation

A

Students in disadvantaged areas have lower quality education

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17
Q

Educational stratification

A

The separation of students into groups on the basis of academic achievement

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18
Q

Religion

A

How people make sense of their experiences and provides a framework for life, death and the purpose of existence

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19
Q

Religiousity

A

The extent to which religion is important to an individual or community

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20
Q

Modernization

A

The internet and Information Age has made it possible for everyone to access information about many types of religious practices.

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21
Q

Secularization

A

Decreasing devotion to religious doctrines and practices

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22
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Literal interpretation of sacred writings

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23
Q

Family

A

Bonds of kin and marriage that make up major organizing institution of society

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24
Q

Kinship

A

Social bonds that unite individuals into families
Bloodline
Marriage
Adoption

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25
Diversity in family norms
There are different types of families including two straight parents, gay and lesbian and extended families.
26
Violence in the family
Victims find it difficult to leave their abusers because of the reliance on family for resources. Victims are typically those who aren’t dominant children, elders, and females
27
Medicalization
Taking a behavior or symptoms and assigning it to a pathology. For example, disruptive behavior being associated with ADD or ADHD
28
Sick role
The exhibited behaviors that are expected for an ill person. The sick role varies according to culture and socioeconomic status
29
Illness experience
Describes how an individual adjusts to interruptions to their health. Two people with the same disease may have different illness experiences
30
Delivery of healthcare
The individual level = personal health centers | Larger scale level = public health institutions that protect the environment
31
Gender
Social and psychological phenomenon at the intersection of sex, gender identity, and gender expression
32
Sex
Assigned at birth based on infants genitalia
33
Gender identity
Individuals internal sense of self that’s male, female, both or neither
34
Social construction of gender
The development of gender that’s subject to cultural influences and social interactions. Gender presentations vary between societies
35
Racialization
The imposition of a racial identity on a particular group. It has been used to dominate less powerful groups
36
Racial formation
The theory that Race is socially constructed and upheld
37
Age cohorts
Groups categorized by age range. Examples millennials, baby boomers, generation x
38
Social significance of again
Characteristics of life course can vary from culture to culture. In asia elderly are more integrated into society whereas in the US it’s more acceptable for elderly to live separated from society
39
Total birth rate or total fertility rate
Number of offspring for one woman
40
Crude birth rate
Births in a year for every thousand people
41
Age specific birth rate
Fertility of women who are of a specific age or fall within a range of ages
42
Push factor
Natural disasters or lack of jobs that push people to leave a location
43
Pull factors
Factors that pull people in from other places, more opportunity, safety, etc.
44
Malthusian theory
Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increase while food supply can only increase arithmatically
45
Demographic transition
Theory that suggest technology is what keeps the population in check, it fails to include other factors that are at play
46
Relative deprivation
Feelings if disadvantage that arise when individuals compare themselves to similar others and realize they have fewer resources
47
Strategy and tactics
Strategy is a general plan describing goals of the movement and tactics are the actualization if how the movement will work
48
Gentrification
Middle and upper class people move into cities and restore buildings, increasing quality of life but also property values, driving out poorer people
49
Globalization
Increase contact between individuals on an international scale. Enacted through the exchange of ideas, products, services and information
50
Perspectives on globalization
Hyper global = moving to one global society Skeptical = borders are necessary because not all countries can integrate Transformational = causes new interdependent interactions but outcomes cannot be predicted
51
SES
Income, wealth, education and occupation
52
Cultural capital
Refers to the set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility. How someone fits in or sticks out in a social class. What you know
53
Social capital
The social networks and connections that may confer economic and/or personal benefits. Who you know
54
Meritocracy
Society in which someone can advance based only on their abilities and achievements
55
Social reproduction
The transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next
56
Social exclusion
Impoverished people are often excluded from opportunities available to others
57
Relative poverty
People are relatively poor compared to other members of the society in which they live, related to lifestyle and livelihood
58
Absolute poverty
Poverty that relates to food, shelter, clothing and hygiene. Homeless people are experiencing absolute poverty
59
Class consciousness
Collective awareness of class as posited by Marx
60
False consciousness
The failure to recognize poverty as a product of an oppressive class system
61
Acquisition
The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established
62
Extinction
Disappearance of the conditioned response
63
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of time of extinction
64
Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
65
Stimulus discrimination
Learned lack of response to a similar stimulus
66
Operant conditioning
Associative learning based on consequences both good and bad
67
Reinforcement and punishment
Consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior is a reinforcement Stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is a punishment
68
Positive reinforcement
Introduction of reinforcing stimulus in response to desired behavior
69
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to desired behavior
70
Primary reinforcer and punisher
Have to do with physiological needs like food
71
Secondary reinforcers and punishers
Have to do with social context and learning
72
Escape conditioning
Learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus
73
``` Attraction Aggression Attachment Social support Altruism ```
Factors that draw member together Conflict and competition between individuals Forming relationships between individuals Finding help through social connections Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual but give others benefits
74
Primary group
Relatively permanent intimate relationships among a small number of people. (Families and close friends)
75
Secondary group
Impersonal groups that are typically goal oriented. Sports teams or groups formed for school projects and work
76
Formal organization
Official organization with specific rules and guidelines
77
Weber posited characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy
Efficient with clear written rules and documentation. Impersonal and impartial
78
Iron law of oligarchy
Those at the top will value power and distract from the organizations goals in favor of power
79
McDonaldization
Homogenization leads to a loss of creativity and originality
80
Role conflict
When two or more roles that an individual plays have conflicting requirements
81
Role strain
The demands of a single role become overwhelming
82
Role exit
When someone stops identifying with a particular role
83
Types of status Ascribed Achieved
Given at birth or later in life (gender, race, ses) | One that someone intentionally earns (profession)

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