PSYCH/ SOC MQL Flashcards
(31 cards)
Treatment of schizophrenia often causes severe side effects similar to symptoms found in what other disease?
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is caused by decreased dopamine signaling. Because the prevailing treatment of schizophrenia decreases dopamine signaling, it can induce Parkinson-like symptoms.
By blocking norepinephrine reuptake, duloxetine could cause which of the following side effects?
High blood pressure
Blocking norepinephrine reuptake would potentiate its effects. Because norepinephrine is a mediator of the sympathetic nervous system response (commonly known as the fight-or-flight response), it may lead to side effects associated with sympathetic activation. High blood pressure, as a consequence of the fight-or-flight response, is a possible outcome
The researchers’ original hypothesis about the motives Arab IMGs have for adopting American medical culture would be best described as grounded in
Symbolic interaction theory.
Symbolic interaction theory states that people act based on the meanings of cultural symbols that are derived from social interaction. In this case, the hypothesis is that Arab IMGs want to attain the identity of “American doctor,” which has certain cultural symbols and norms attached to it. By adding these attributes to their own identity, they will affect their own and others’ perceptions and beliefs, causing themselves and native doctors to view the IMGs as legitimate American doctors.
If an Arab IMG received an unflattering nickname from coworkers due to his tendency to forget English medical terms, this would be an example of:
Positive punishment.
A punishment is intended to discourage a behavior from being repeated (in this case, forgetting English medical terms.) A positive punishment adds an unpleasant consequence that was not previously present to do this (in this case, an unflattering nickname).
What is racial centrality?
“Being African American is an important reflection of who I am.”
Racial centrality is the extent to which one’s race is an important part of the person’s overall self-concept, which is reflected in this statement.
What is availability heuristic bias?
Individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are.
When conducting research on medicalization, what is the next step in the scientific method after a review of the literature?
Formulating a hypothesis
The steps of the scientific method are: Ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test the hypothesis via experimentation, analyze the data/draw conclusions, and finally, communicate results.
Drive reduction theory
Drive reduction theory
Drives are unpleasant urges or tensions, like hunger, that result from unmet needs, like the lack of nutrients and blood glucose. According to drive reduction theory, we base our actions on our motivation to reduce these drives.
In which of the nations described below would citizens be LEAST likely to be affected by the fundamental attribution error?
Country A, where the group is seen as all-important and individuals often put personal goals on hold to assist family members
In short, the fundamental attribution error (FAE) is a human tendency to blame the behavior of others on dispositional, rather than situational, causes. Studies have shown that the FAE is more prevalent in individualist than collectivist cultures, likely because cultures that pride themselves on individualism are more focused on the personalities of certain members and less on outside factors that could affect the group. As a collectivist culture, Country A is the best answer to this “least” question.
Which part of the brain acts abnormally in those who suffer short periods of anxiety and elevated heart rate and respiration during periods of slow-wave sleep?
Pons
The pons typically prevents us from physically responding to our dreams. However, sufferers of night terrors experience the symptoms of anxiety, raised heart rate, and increased respiration that are described in the question stem. When these symptoms manifest, it appears the pons is acting abnormally by allowing dreams to affect the physical reality of these people.
A piano tuner listens to a tuning machine that emits sounds of slowly increasing frequencies. He first notices that the frequency is rising when it moves from 25 to 27 Hz. If, much later, the machine begins to emit sounds with decreasing frequencies beginning at 200 Hz, when will the tuner first notice that the frequency has dropped?
184 Hz
Weber’s Law states that the just-noticeable difference between an original stimulus and an altered one displays a constant ratio regardless of original frequency or intensity. If the tuner notices a change of 2 Hz from an initial value of 25 Hz, he has perceived a change of 8%. The tuner should then notice changes of 8% or more at other frequency levels. An 8% decrease from 200 Hz is 16 Hz, bringing the new frequency to 184 Hz.
According to Kohlberg’s theory of the stages of moral development, someone who follows moral rules in order to avoid being punished would fit into:
The pre-conventional stage
In Kohlberg’s view, the pre-conventional stage (which is characteristic of small children) involves moral motivations in which decisions are made based on their direct consequences, such as punishment, and particularly in relation to the self.
As shown in the cases of SARS and avian flu, there is always a risk that a new epidemic might develop and begin killing people around the world. The response to such a disease would likely be slowest, however, if which of the following lifestyle factors contributed to its transmission?
Promiscuous sexual activity
Due to the social stigma given to promiscuous sexual activity, sufferers might be afraid to report their illness for fear of condemnation from their social circle. Additionally, the outside world would likely place a significant amount of blame for catching the disease on the victims’ stigmatized lifestyles. A similar dynamic was seen with AIDS in the 1980s, which initially affected mostly IV drug users and gay men.
A football coach plans to condition his players to follow his instructions from the sidelines. If he wants them to learn as quickly as possible but only needs this conditioning to last until the championship game next month, he should use:
A continuous reinforcement schedule
A continuous reinforcement schedule rewards every instance of a desired behavior, making it more effective than any other schedule at increasing the frequency of that behavior. The downside is that the behavior will extinguish rapidly once reinforcement is stopped, but this doesn’t matter because the coach doesn’t need it to persist for very long.
Which of the examples below best demonstrates the concept of Fisherian selection?
Male peacocks have developed ornamentation that is both elaborate and a physical hindrance, due to females’ mating preferences.
Fisherian selection suggests that, if a strong enough mating preference for elaborate ornamentation exists, this preference could undermine natural selection even if the feature is otherwise non-adaptive. Fisher hypothesized that, since males of a certain appearance propagate with females who strongly prefer such features, this cycle can continue over many generations. In other words, males progressively become more extreme in appearance, while females continue to desire this type of display. Peacocks are a classic example of this phenomenon.
What are ego-syntonic disorders?
Ego-syntonic disorders are personality disorders that align with the patient’s self-concept. In other words, instead of feeling sick or abnormal, the patient feels good and may even enjoy her disease, considering it to be part of her usual behavior. A number of personality disorders, as well as anorexia nervosa, are classic examples of ego-syntonic conditions
Normative influence
A is correct. Normative influence occurs when a person agrees with others in a group because they want to feel accepted, liked, or admired. It is one of the two types of influence that are most often associated with group polarization. Informational influence is unlikely during a short, superficial discussion, so normative influence is most likely.
Informational influence
Informational influence occurs when a person in a group who is less certain about their opinions trusts that others are more knowledgeable and believes the ideas presented by the group. The stem indicates that the discussion was short and superficial, so being influenced by information that supports the dominant viewpoint is unlikely.
What is an example of a binocular cue?
Convergence
Binocular cues are those that require both eyes; these cues include convergence, or the way the eye muscles coordinate to view images at different distances. The brain determines the extent of the eyes’ inward turning, allowing us to obtain information regarding the depth of an object.
Is this true according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
The thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions
The Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously. Specifically, the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is when something is removed in order to increase a behavior. An example would behaving less chores for completing previous chores.
Primary socialization
Primary socialization involves individuals learning the basic rules and norms of their culture. It typically takes place in the home. The prompt does not refer specifically to the basic rules of behavior, but instead entering a study environment; this relates more closely to secondary socialization.
Secondary socialization
Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning norms and behaviors which are appropriate to a smaller group within a larger society. An academic or formal setting like the study is one example of a sub-group within a larger society. Here, the child must adjust not only to a new surroundings, but to the new rules and norms of the study environment.
Anticipatory socialization
Anticipatory socialization is when individuals attempt to predict or rehearse appropriate behavior for future situations.
