Psych/Soc - Unknown Exam Qs Flashcards
(24 cards)
What part of the brain is responsible for color vision
The occipital lobes are responsible for vision, including color vision.
In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is used when subjects receive a treat every time they respond correctly?
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
- reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (produces a high rate of responses that follows a burst-pause-burst pattern)
In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is exemplified by a hospital patient using patient-controlled, doctor-timed pain relief or through scheduled exams?
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
- reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (response increases as a time for the next reinforcer nears)
In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is exemplified by an individual checking Facebook?
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
- reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (produces a moderate yet steady response rate)
In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is exemplified by gambling?
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
- reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (results in a high and steady response rate)
Immigrants adopting local traditions and behavioral standards can lead to distinct patterns of assimilation. This suggests that there is geographic variation in what pair of concepts?
-> social status/roles; social/cultural capital; cultural values/norms; material/symbolic culture
Cultural values and norms
Who are defined as the “baby-boom generation” and how do they affect population projections?
The baby boom generation (post-WWII generation) is defined as those individuals born between ~1946-1964 (due to increased fertility rate after WWII). The baby boom generation is the main sociohistorical factor that explains the projected increase in the population aged 65 and older in the US.
What is Conflict theory? Who pioneered it?
Theory that states there is a perpetual class conflict in society due to the unequal distribution of resources (focuses on the concept of social inequality in the division of resources and therefore, the conflicts that exist between classes, which will eventually trigger social change) - pioneer: Karl Marx
What is functionalism? Who pioneered it?
Theory that states all aspects of society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society (states that all elements of society are interdependent and they serve a function for the overall stability of the society)
- pioneer: Emile Durkheim
Dependency ratio
Ratio of the # of economically dependent members of the population to the # of economically productive members
- economically dependent: considered too young/too old to work
- economically productive: working-age population (~ btwn ages 18-65)
- aging of the US population is most likely to increase the dependency ratio
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Suggests that human cognition is affected by language (I.e. humans are better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name)
Remembering a fact, but thinking you learned it in school when you actually only saw in a movie, is an example of ____
Source-monitoring error
Define each of these defense mechanisms: A. Repression B. Denial C. Reaction formation D. Projection E. Displacement F. Rationalization G. Regression H. Sublimation
A. Repression: lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
B. Denial: forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
C. Reaction formation: expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling
D. Projection: attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person
E. Displacement: redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object on to a less dangerous one
F. Rationalization: explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behavior
G. Regression: reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior
H. Sublimation: channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities
Dissociative disorders
Characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception. Many dissociative disorders are thought to be caused by psychological trauma.
- dissociative identity disorder
- dissociative amnesia
- depersonalization disorder
Psychotic disorders
Characterized by a general “ loss of contact with reality” which can include delusions, hallucinations, and psychosis
- schizophrenia
- delusional disorder
Personality disorders
Characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms and are displayed across a variety of contexts. These patterns of thought and behavior develop early and cause significant dysfunction and distress.
- paranoid-, schizoid-, schizotypical-, antisocial-, borderline-, histrionic-, narcissistic-, avoidant-, dependent-, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (*not the same OCD - anxiety disorder)
Mood disorders
Characterized by a disturbance in mood or affect; 2 broad categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of a manic or hypomanic episode
- major depressive disorder
- dysthymic disorder
- bipolar disorder
- cyclothymic disorder
Anxiety disorders
Characterized by excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension and fear with both physiological and psychological symptoms
- generalized anxiety disorder
- phobias
- panic disorder
- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
Retrograde: inability to remember past events (ie. stroke, accident)
Anterograde: inability to create new memories (loss of Explicit Memory, but NOT Implicit memories)
Long-term memory: Implicit vs Explicit
Explicit (declarative)
- semantic (facts) & episodic (events) -> medial temporal lobe, hippocampus
Implicit:
- priming -> neocortex
- procedural (skills/habits) -> striatum
- associative learning: classical & operant conditioning
- emotional responses -> amygdala
- skeletal musculature -> cerebellum - non-associative learning: habituation & sensitization -> reflex pathways
Spanish = learned first & French = learned second
What type of interference is displayed when:
A. You forget some Spanish because you are learning French
B. You have difficulty learning French because of your memory for Spanish
A. Retroactive interference (new learning interferes w/old memories)
b. Proactive Interference (old learning interferes w/new memories)
What type of learning is displayed by Tolman’s rats learning about mazes in which they roamed?
Latent learning (Learning that it’s not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it)
- rats learned about mazes in which they roamed even when they were on rewarded for doing so
- rats would acquire a cognitive map of the maze
- Learning remained hidden until they were motivated to follow the rapid routes for food goals
Meritocracy
Society whereby jobs and pay are allocated based on individuals talent and achievements rather than social status. Therefore, individuals that work hard will be rewarded in society, while those who do not will not be rewarded.
- assumes that opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort
dispositional vs situational attributions
- dispositional: explaining and attributing behaviors to the internal characteristics of a person, for example explaining behavior due to the individuals personality disorders, mental illness, or personality characteristics
- situational: attributing behaviors to external circumstances or the environment, for example family issues, economic recession, poverty, violent environment
