Psych/Soci Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation
A
“rest and digest”
- pupils constrict
- saliva stimulated
- constricts bronchii
- heart rate slows
- blood pressure lowers
- digestive peristalsis and secretion stimulated
- bile release stimulated
- contracts bladder
2
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation
A
“fight or flight”
- pupils dilate
- saliva inhibited
- relaxes bronchii
- heart rate increases
- blood pressure increases
- peristalsis and secretion inhibited
- glucose production and release stimulated
- release of epi + norepi from adrenal glands
- bladder inhibited from contraction
- orgasm stimulated
3
Q
Hindbrain
A
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, reticular formation
4
Q
Midbrain
A
superior and anterior colliculi
5
Q
Forebrain
A
Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
6
Q
Thalamus function
A
relay system for sensory information
7
Q
Hypothalamus function
A
maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it with the anterior pituitary
8
Q
Basal ganglia function
A
smooths movements and helps maintain postural stability
9
Q
Limbic system (parts + function)
A
Amygdala - fear and agression
Hippocampus - memory storage
Septal nuclei - pleasure seeking
Fornix - communication with the limbic system
10
Q
Frontal lobe function
A
Executive function, impulse control, long-term planning (PFC), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech production (Broca’s Area)
11
Q
Parietal lobe function
A
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain (somatosensory cortex), spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation
12
Q
Occipital lobe function
A
Visual processing
13
Q
Temporal lobe function
A
Sound processing (auditory cortex), speech perception (Wernicke’s area), memory, and emotion (limbic system)
14
Q
Acetylcholine
A
Voluntary motor control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness
15
Q
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
Fight-or-flight responses wakefulness, alertness
16
Q
Dopamine
A
Smooth movements, postural stability
17
Q
Serotonin
A
Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
18
Q
GABA
A
Brain “stabilization”; major inhibitory neurotransmitter
19
Q
Endorphins
A
Natural painkillers
20
Q
Sensation pathway
A
Sensory receptors respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals; sensory neurons send impulses to the CNS, where the signals are transmitted to projection areas in the brain for further analysis.
21
Q
Weber’s law
A
The just-noticeable-difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus
22
Q
Signal detection theory
A
The effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli (hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection)
23
Q
Adaptation
A
A decrease in response to a stimulus over time
24
Q
Visual pathway
A
retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> LGN –> visual radiations –> visual cortex
25
Cochlea
Detects sound
26
Uticle and saccule
Detect linear accleration
27
Semicircular canals
Detect rotational acceleration
28
Auditory pathway
cochlea --> vestibulocochlear nerve --> MGN --> auditory cortex
29
Smell
Detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by olfactory chemoreceptors --> olfactory nerves
30
Taste
Detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae
31
Somatosensation
Four touch modalities - pain, pressure, vibration, temperature
32
Kinesthetic sense (proprioception)
Ability to tell where one's body is in space
33
Bottom-up processing
recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection; slower but less prone to mistakes
34
Top-down processing
recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail; faster but more prone to mistakes
35
Gestalt principles
Ways the brain can infer parts of an image when it is incomplete: Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, and Connectedness
36
Habituation
The process of becoming used to a stimulus
37
Dishabituation
Occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus
38
Observational learning
the acquisition of behavior by watching others; mirror neurons
39
Associative learning
pairing together stimuli and responses, or behavior and consequences; includes classical and operant conditioning
40
Reinforcement vs Punishment
Reinforcements increase a behavior, punishments decrease it
41
Awake
Beta and alpha waves; able to perceive, process, access, and express information
42
Sleep Stage 1
Theta waves; light sleep
43
Sleep Stage 2
Theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
44
Sleep Stage 3/4
Delta waves; slow wave sleep with dreams, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
45
REM
Mostly beta waves; apears physiologically awake but dreams, is paralyzed; procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
46
Dyssomnias vs Parasomnias
Dys = amount or timing of sleep; para = odd sleep behavior
47
Drug addiction (neuro basis)
Mediated by mesolimbic pathway which includes NAcc, VTA, and medial forbrain bundle with dopamine as the major NT
48
Depressants
alcohol, benzos, barbituates; sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
49
Stimulants
caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy; increased arousal
50
Opiates/opiods
heroin, meth, opium, pain pills; decreased reaction to pain, euphoria
51
Hallucinogens
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin; distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection
52
Sensory Memory
< 1 sec; the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended
53
Short term memory
15 - 30 seconds, capacity about 7 items; capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state
54
Working memory
The part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing
55
Explicit/Declaritive Memory
Conscious long term memory; consists of episodic memory for events, experiences and semantic memory for facts and concepts
56
Implicit/Procedural Memory
Unconscious long term memory; consists of memory for skills and tasks
57
Semantic Network
Facts are stored in these and often retrieved based on priming interconnected nodes.
58
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (birth to 2) - manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; learn object permanence
Preoperational (2 to 7) - symbolic thinking and egocentrism, as well as centration
Concrete operational (7 to 11) - understanding feelings of others and manipulating concrete objects
Formal operational (11 and up) - abstract thought and problem solving
59
Deductive reasoning
Deriving conclusions from general rules
60
Inductive reasoning
Deriving conclusions from evidence
61
Selective attention
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
62
Divided attention
uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
63
Wernicke's Area
Language comprehension; damage results in Wernicke's aphasia (fluent, nonsensical language without comprehension)
64
Broca's Area
Language production; damage results in Broca's aphasia (nonfluent language where every word takes great effort)
65
Arcuate fasciculus
Connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas; damage results in conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)
66
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation coming from external circumstances
67
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation coming from internal drive or perception
68
Instinct theory of Motivation
Innate, fixed patterns in response to stimuli
69
Arousal theory of Motivation
The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; aim for optimal amount of arousal for a given task (Yerkes-Dodson)
70
Drive Reduction theory of Motivation
Individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
71
Maslow's Hierarchy
Prioritizes needs into five categories - 1) physio 2) safety 3) social 4) self-esteem 5) actualization
72
Seven universal emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, fear, anger
73
James-Lange Theory
1) Physiological arousal
| 2) Conscious emotion
74
Cannon-Bard Theory
1) Physiological arousal and conscious emotion
| 2) Behavior
75
Schachter-Singer Theory
1) Physiological Arousal
2) Cognitive Appraisal
3) Conscious Emotion
76
Stress
Physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
77
Primary Appraisal (Stress)
Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
78
Secondary Appraisal (Stress)
Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge
79
Distress vs Eustress vs Neustress
Bad vs Good/Adaptive vs Neutral
80
General Adaptation Syndrome (Stress)
The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
81
Self-Concept
The sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future
82
Identities
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
83
Self-esteem
Our evaluation of ourselves
84
Self-efficacy
The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation
85
Locus of control
The way we characterize the influences in our lives (external vs internal)
86
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development
Based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at each stage leading to fixation; oral, anal, phallic, gentical
87
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Stem from conflicts that are the result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each life phase
1) trust vs mistrust
2) autonomy vs shame/doubt
3) initiative vs guilt
4) industry vs inferiority
5) identity vs role confusion
6) intimacy vs isolation
7) generativity vs stagnation
8) integrity vs despair
88
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Personality is the product of unconscious urges and desires
Freud: superego, ego, id
Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes
89
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization
Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs
Rodgers: Unconditional Positive Regard
90
Type and Trait theory
Personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
Type theories: ancient Greek humors, Sheldon's somatotypes, Types A and B, and MBTI
Trait theories: Eysenck's three major traits (psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism), OCEAN, Allport's three basic types of traits (cardinal, central, and secondary)
91
Schizophrenia (incl. + and - symptoms)
Disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought, perception, and behavior
+ = hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavior
- = disturbance of affect and avolition
92
Major depressive disorder (criteria)
Contains at least one major depressive episode
93
Pervasive depressive disorder (criteria)
A depressed mood for at least two years
94
Seasonal affective disorder
Name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset
95
Bipolar Disorder (I vs II vs cyclothymic)
```
I = at least one manic episode
II = at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
cyclothymic = hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
```
96
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Consistent disproportionate and persistent worry
97
Specific phobias
Irrational fears of specific objects
98
Social Anxiety disorder
Anxiety due to social or performance situations
99
Agoraphobia
Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
100
Panic Disorder
recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and SNS activation with no clear stimulus.
101
OCD
Obsessions (persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment)
102
Dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall past experience; may involve dissociative fugue, or a sudden change in location that can involve the assumption of a new identity
103
Dissociative identity disorder
Two or more personalities that take control of behavior
104
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the environment
105
Somatic Symptom Disorder
At least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an existing medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
106
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition
107
Conversion Disorder
Unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function
108
Personality disorders (incl. clusters)
Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired function
A (weird) - schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
B (wild) - antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline
C (worried) - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
109
Social facilitation
Tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around
110
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness in large groups; can lead to drastic changes in behavior
111
Bystander Effect
In a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
112
Peer pressure
Social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equals
113
Group polarization
Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the views of any of the members
114
Groupthink
Tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas
115
Assimilation
One culture begins to melt into another
116
Multiculturalism
Encouragement of multiple cultures within a community ti enhance diversity
117
Subculture
A group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
118
Socialization
The process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
119
Norms
Boundaries of acceptable behavior within society
120
Stigma
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences
121
Deviance
Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
122
Conformity
Changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
123
Compliance
Individuals change behavior based on the request of others; ex. foot-in the-door, door-in-the-face, lowball, that's-not-all
124
Obediance
Change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
125
Status
A position in society used to classify individuals; can be ascribed, achieved, or master (primary identity)
126
Role
Set of beliefs, values, and norms, that define the expectations of a certain status
127
Group
Two or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity
128
Network
Observable pattern of social relationships between groups and individuals
129
Organization
Group with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individual's membership within the organization
130
Display rules
Unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
131
Impression Management
Maintenance of a public image through various strategies
132
Dramaturgical approach
Individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform for an audience
133
Interpersonal attraction
Influenced by physical, social, and psychological factors
134
Aggression
Behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
135
Attachment
An emotional bond to another person; usual caregiver/child
136
Altruism
Helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at a personal cost
137
Dispositional vs Situational Attribution
To internal qualities vs to environmental variables
138
Correspondent Inference theory
Describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors of another person
139
FAE
The tendency to attribute other's actions to dispositional factors
140
Stereotypes
Attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information
141
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The phenomenon of a stereotype creating the expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype
142
Stereotype threat
A feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype
143
Prejudice
An irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience
144
Ethnocentrism
The practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture (in group vs out group)
145
Cultural Relativism
Studying social groups and cultures on their own terms
146
Discrimination
When prejudicial attitudes cause differences in treatment of a group
147
Functionalism
Focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society; macro
148
Conflict theory
Focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order; macro
149
Symbolic interactionism
The study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols; micro
150
Social constructionism
Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality; bridge micro and macro
151
Material culture
Physical items one associates with a given group
152
Symbolic culture
The ideas associated with a cultural group
153
Migration
Refers to the movement of people into (imm) or out of (em) of a geographical location
154
Demographic transition
A model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
155
Class
A category of people that share the same socioeconomic characteristics
156
Power
The capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments
157
Social capital
The investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards
158
Social reproduction
The passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations
159
Poverty
low SES; in the US, poverty line is the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities in life
160
Incidence
Number of new cases/population at risk per time
161
Prevalence
Number of cases/total population per time
162
Morbidity
The burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
163
Mortality
Death caused by a given disease
164
Schema
a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
165
Script
a series of behaviors, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation or environment.
166
Retrograde vs Anterograde Amnesia
Ant - ability to memorize new things is impaired or lost because data does not transfer successfully from the conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory
Ret - pre-existing memories are lost to conscious recollection even though they may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia
