psych test 3

Question 1

How long does image stay in the brain before it being discarded if unimportant, and how many pieces of information

Answer 1

15-30 seconds
5-9 pieces of info

Question 2

What is learning?

Answer 2

Change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience

Question 3

What is observational learning?

Answer 3

Learning through the behavior of others (think monkies and the slot machine)

Question 4

What is cognative learning?

Answer 4

Thinking about thinking

Question 5

Who is associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

What did Pavlov do?

Answer 6

Ringing a bell prior to presenting food would eventually
lead to salivation just at the sound of the bell

Question 7

Define

conditioned stimulus (CS)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned response (CR)
unconditioned response (US)

Answer 7

CS: Altered stimulus (Ringing bell)
US: Unaltered stimulus (Food)
CR: Altered response to stimulus (No reaction to bell –> Salivation to bell)
UR: Unaltered response (Salivation to food)

Question 8

Define

Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

The moment a response is established from conditioning

Weakening of a conditioned response

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.

Question 9

What is aversive conditioning?

Answer 9

give up a behavior or habit by having them associate it with something unpleasant

Question 10

Difference between decay and interference theory?

Answer 10

Decay: Forgetting something as a result of a fading memory trace
Interference: The intrusion of similar memories on one another (finding the right path in the wilderness is difficult when two paths are similar)

Question 11

What is encoding failure?

Answer 11

The information doesn’t make it from our short-term/working memory into our long-term memory (What color shirt was I wearing 3 days ago?)

Question 12

What is the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon

Answer 12

Shows that just because we can’t instantly retrieve some information doesn’t mean it’s completely decayed. Example of Retrieval Failure.

Question 13

Retroactive vs proactive interference

Answer 13

the tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material vs the tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning.

Question 14

What is a schema?

Answer 14

a schema describes patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world.

Question 15

What is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 15

A vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event that has happened in the past. Essentially a core memory

Question 16

What is a mnemonic?

Answer 16

A mnemonic device or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory for better understanding.

Question 17

What are the types of rehearsals?

Answer 17

Maintenance: Mental repetition to maintain information in STM
Elaborative: Relating the new information to information you already know

Question 18

Acronym vs Arcostic

Answer 18

Nym: Making the first letter of each word and creating a new word (Lol: Laugh out loud)
Stic: Making up a sentence that uses the first letters of the
information you’re trying to remember (Seasons: Some Wands Fucking Suck)

Question 19

What is stimulus generalization and discrimination?

Answer 19

Gen: occurs when a response that has been associated with one stimulus occurs for another similar stimulus is some way.
Dis: the ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli

Question 20

What is higher-order conditioning?

Answer 20

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus.

Question 21

What was the little albert expirement?

Answer 21

Child got shown rat with loud noise, child fears rat

Question 22

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 22

Learning based on consequences of behavior

Question 23

What is an operant?

Answer 23

The behavior we demonstrate in order to get what we want

Question 24

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

Answer 24

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened.

Question 25

Define positive and negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 25

+R: Giving something pleasant
-R: Take away something undesirable
+P: Add unpleasant stimulus
-P: Taking away positive stimulus

Question 26

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 26

Fixed ratio: predictable timing, number of behaviors
Variable ratio: random timing, number of behavoirs
Fixed interval: predictable timing, specific amount
Variable interval: random timing, specific amount

Question 27

What are the processes of memory?

Answer 27

Encoding: How did we get this information
Storage: Where does this go
Retrieval: How do we get it later/when its needed

Question 28

What are the different types of retrieval?

Answer 28

Recall: Info must be produced (fill in the blank)
Recognition: Right answer from several options
Relearning: Learning something that was forgotten is easier than learning it while new

Question 29

What is sensory memory?

Answer 29

Mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell and taste

Question 30

What are the major subtypes of sensory memory and how long do they last?

Answer 30

Working memory: up to 15 seconds
Long term memory: unlimited

Question 31

What are implicit and explicit memories?

Answer 31

Knowing how to do things/Remembering names, dates, places, facts, events, and so forth.