psych U3 AOS2

Question 1

3 approaches to learning

Answer 1

1- behaviourist
2- socio-cognitive
3- learner with a system

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a behaviourist approach learning in which association is formed vis repeated pairings

Question 3

steps of classical conditioning

Answer 3

before- there is a neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
during- the unconditioned neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus
after- learning has occured. the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response.

Question 4

what is operant conditioning

Answer 4

utilises a consequence for a voluntary conscious behaviour

Question 5

3 phases of operant conditioning

Answer 5

A- antecedent, trigger
B- behaviour, action
C- consequence, reinforcement or punishment

Question 6

positive reinforcement

Answer 6

the adding of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of repeating the behaviour

Question 7

negative reinforcement

Answer 7

the taking away of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of repeating the behaviour

Question 8

positive punishment

Answer 8

the adding of a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of repeating the behaviour

Question 9

negative punishment

Answer 9

the taking away of a desirable stimulus to decrease likelihood of repeating the behaviour

Question 10

observational learning

Answer 10

aka social learning, occurs via watching the actions and consequences of others

Question 11

steps of observational learning

Answer 11

Attention- actively watching a model
Retention- form a mental representation
Reproduction- physicially and mentally able to do the action
Motivation- you have desire to do the action
Reinforcement- learner is likely/unlikely to repeat the behaviour

Question 12

antecedent

Answer 12

the stimulus or event which initiates, stimulates or trigers the behaviour

Question 13

behaviour

Answer 13

the voluntary actions that occur in the prescene of the antecedent

Question 14

consequence

Answer 14

the outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood that it’ll occur again

Question 15

stimulus generalisation

Answer 15

occurs when the same behaviour is produced in response to a different stimulus in hopes of recieving the same consequence
eg: getting a warning for swearing at work, so stopping swearing all together

Question 16

stimulus discrimination

Answer 16

occurs when a behaviour is only produced in response to the original stimulus
eg: good behaviour for dad but not for mum

Question 17

characteristics of classical conditioning

Answer 17

role of learner- passive participant
nature of response- involuntary
timing of stimulus- before response

Question 18

characterisitics of operant conditioning

Answer 18

role of learner- active participant
nature of response- voluntary
timing of stimulus- after response

Question 19

aboriginal ways of knowing

Answer 19

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways
of knowing where learning is viewed
as being embedded in relationships where
the learner is part of a multimodal system
of knowledge patterned on Country1

Question 20

multimodal

Answer 20

learning including art, dance, song, story-telling, star charts, etc

Question 21

related to country

Answer 21

on and about the land, where learning is taking place

Question 22

explanatory power

Answer 22

how well does it explain something

Question 23

memory

Answer 23

a system in our brain that encodes, stores and retreives information

Question 24

3 types of memory

Answer 24

1- sensory memory
2- short term memory
3- long-term memory

Question 25

how do you increase the capacity of your short-term memory

Answer 25

chunking- putting items into chunks

Question 26

how do you increase the duration of your short-term memory

Answer 26

maintenance rehersal- repeating things over and over

Question 27

encoding

Answer 27

transferring information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory

Question 28

retrieveing

Answer 28

getting info out of long-term memory to work within short-term memory

Question 29

explicit memory

Answer 29

- memory with awareness - conciously remembered/retrieved

Question 30

episodic memory

Answer 30

personal experiences eg: what did i wear yesterday

Question 31

semantic memory

Answer 31

facts and knowledge (googleable info) eg: tallest mountain in AUS

Question 32

implicit memory

Answer 32

- memory w/o awareness

Question 33

procedural memory

Answer 33

skills for doing things (motor memory)

Question 34

explicit memory areas

Answer 34

hippocampus amygdala neocortex

Question 35

implicit memory areas

Answer 35

basal ganglia cerebellum

Question 36

amygdala role

Answer 36

enhances encoding of emotionally strong memories

Question 37

hippocampus role

Answer 37

encodes short-term memories into the long-term memory

Question 38

neocortex role

Answer 38

stores memories in key association areas (vision, sound, movement)

Question 39

basal ganglia roles

Answer 39

- encodes and stores implicit, procedural memories - primarily used for habit loops

Question 40

cerebellum role

Answer 40

motor memory is encoded and stored

Question 41

what does the combination of semantic and episodic memory form

Answer 41

autobiographical memories and events

Question 42

alzheimers disease

Answer 42

- neurogenerative disease that is characterised by progressive deteriation of the brain neurons, causing memory loss, decline in cgonitive and social skills/personality

Question 43

what causes alzheimers

Answer 43

amyloid plauges - stop interneuron communication neurofibrillary tangles - unravel axons of neurons - causes brain/cortical shrinkage

Question 44

aphantasia

Answer 44

the inability to mentally picture information

Question 45

mnemonics

Answer 45

device used to enhance encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Question 46

4 types of mnemonics

Answer 46

1- acronyms 2- acrostics 3- method of loci 4- oral cultures

Question 47

acronyms

Answer 47

use first letter of each word to form a pronouncable word

Question 48

acrostics

Answer 48

use first letter to make a sentence with other words

Question 49

method of loci

Answer 49

use a familair location to memorise things - is a form of elaborative rehersal as you are assigning chunks to a location and linking new info to info already in your long-term memory

Question 50

oral culture

Answer 50

cultures that do not have written language - must remember and pass down rich, important cultural, historical and scientific understanding - through story-telling and songlines

Question 51

repeatability

Answer 51

exact same experiment = same results

Question 52

reproducability

Answer 52

similar experiment = similar results

Question 53

alzheimers brain

Answer 53

brain lesions are areas of brain tissues affected by disease or injury. scans show the shrinkage of the cortex and hippocampus