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Psych- Unit 1/9 Vocab Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

industrial-organizational psychology

A

applying psych concepts to behavior in workplaces

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2
Q

psychometrics

A

study and measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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3
Q

natural selection

A

traits contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed to succeeding generations

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4
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

how situations and cultures affect behavior and thinking

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5
Q

personality psychology

A

study of individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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6
Q

humanistic psychology

A

emphasizes individual’s potential for personal growth

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7
Q

forensic psychology

A

applies psychological principles to legal issues

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8
Q

levels of analysis

A

differing complementary views for analyzing any situation (biological, psychological, social-cultural)

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9
Q

structuralism

A

used introspection to explore structural elements of human mind (Wundt)

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10
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

controversy whether genes or experiences shape psychological traits and behaviors

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11
Q

human factors psychology

A

how people and machines interact and how this interaction can be safe to use

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12
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

how unconscious conflicts influence behaviors

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13
Q

social psychology

A

how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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14
Q

functionalism

A

how mental and behavioral processes function- enable us to adapt and survive (William James)

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15
Q

psychiatry

A

branch of medicine for psychological disorders

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16
Q

behavioral psychology

A

study of observable behavior explained by principles of learning

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17
Q

cognitive psychology

A

mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating

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18
Q

positive psychology

A

human functioning to discover strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities survive

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19
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of brain activity linking with cognition

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20
Q

experimental psychology

A

studies behavior and thinking through the experimental method

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21
Q

community psychology

A

how people interact in social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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22
Q

developmental psychology

A

physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life span

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23
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural analysis

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24
Q

basic research

A

aims to increase scientific knowledge base

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25
clinical psychology
studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorders
26
empiricism
knowledge originates in experience, science should rely on observation and experimentation
27
evolutionary psychology
roots of behavior and mental processes based on natural selection
28
counseling psychology
assists people with problems in living and achieving well-being
29
educational psychology
how psychological processes affect teaching and learning
30
biological psychology
studies link between biology and behavior
31
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving rather than rereading information
32
behaviorism
psychology is an objective science, studies behavior with no reference to mental processes
33
applied research
studies aimed to solve practical problems
34
inferential statistics
infer the probability of something from sample data
35
standard deviation
measure of how the scores vary around the mean score
36
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
37
naturalistic observation
observing behavior in natural situations without manipulation
38
normal curve
bell-shaped curve describing distribution of many types of data
39
replication
repeating a research study to see if results are the same
40
statistical significance
statement of how likely the results occurred by chance (not chance if p value is less than .05)
41
operational definition
the procedures used to define research variables (ex. human intelligence is operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures)
42
validity
the extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to
43
mode
most frequently occurring score
44
random sample
a sample fairly representing a population
45
correlation coefficient
measure of relationship between relative movements of two variables (-1 to +1)
46
independent variable
manipulated experimental factor being studied
47
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values shared by a group
48
debriefing
post-experimental explanation to participants (mandatory by APA ethical standards)
49
descriptive statistics
data used to measure and describe central tendencies and measure of variations
50
case study
observation technique where one person is studied in depth to reveal universal principles
51
sampling bias
flawed sampling process that produces unrepresentative sample
52
dependent variable
outcome factor; what may change in response to manipulations
53
control group
group that is not exposed to treatment (contrasts experimental group)
54
correlation
measures extent to which one factor predicts another factor
55
experimental group
group exposed to treatment in an experiment (contrasts control group)
56
hindsight bias
I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
57
confounding variable
factor other than independent variable that could affect the experiment
58
third variable
confounding variable affects the independent and dependent variable
59
illusory correlation
perception of relationship between factors where there is none
60
histogram
bar graph depicting frequency distribution
61
foot in door phenomenon
first agree to small request later comply to big request
62
attribution theory
explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
63
central route persuasion
using data and facts to convince people of an argument
64
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
65
campanionate love
affectionate attachment we feel for those whose lives are intertwined with ours
66
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt others
67
informational social influence
influence from willingness to accept others' opinions on reality
68
attitude
feelings, influenced by beliefs, that influence how we react to situations
69
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group settings
70
group polarization
enhancement of group's ideas through group discussion
71
just-world phenomenon
belief that world is fair and people get what they deserve
72
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger which creates aggression
73
cognitive dissonance theory
how we act when two thoughts are inconsistent
74
self-disclosure
revealing personal aspects of oneself to others
75
equity
people receive in proportion what they give in a relationship
76
superordinate goals
shared goals override differences in a group
77
fundamental attribution error
observers underestimate impact of situation and overestimate person's disposition
78
groupthink
mode of thinking when group desires harmony more that realistic solution
79
ingroup
people with whom we share a common identity
80
passionate love
aroused state present at beginning of love relationship
81
mirror-image perceptions
views held by conflicting sides; each side sees itself as ethical and other side as aggressive
82
bystander effect
person less likely to help out if others are present
83
self-fulfilling prophecy
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
84
normative social influence
influence from person's desire to gain approval
85
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
86
outgroup
those seen as different or apart from ingroup
87
peripheral route persuasion
people influenced by incidental cues (ex. speaker's attractiveness)
88
social trap
conflicting parties, pursuing self-interest, are caught in mutually destructive behavior
89
scapegoat theory
prejudice offers outlet of anger because it provides someone to blame
90
social exchange theory
social behavior is exchange process; maximizes benefits, minimizes costs
91
social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those dependent on them
92
other-race effect
recalling faces of one's own race more accurately that faces of other races
93
social facilitation
stronger responses one simple, well-learned tasks in the presence of others
94
personal space
buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
95
door in face phenomenon
convince respondent to comply by making a larger requests knowing they will turn it down
96
social script
culturally modeled guide on how to act in social situations
97
reciprocity norm
people will help those who have helped them
98
social loafing
people put in less effort when judged as a group rather than individually
99
Mary Whiton Calkins
first woman president of APA
100
Charles Darwin
natural selection and evolution
101
Dorothea Dix
humane treatment for those with psychological disorders
102
Sigmund Freud
interpretation of dreams and the unconscious
103
Ivan Pavlov
foundation for behaviorism; psychology should be objective
104
Jean Piaget
influential observer of children
105
Carl Rogers
humanistic psychology; Freudian psych and behaviorism limiting
106
Wilhelm Wundt
structuralism, introspection
107
Solomon Asch
why people conform; effects of social pressure
108
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance and social comparison
109
Stanley Milgram
obedience to authority and commands
110
Philip Zimbardo
prison experiment; people conform to expected behavioral roles

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