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School > Psych- Unit 1/9 Vocab > Flashcards

Psych- Unit 1/9 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

industrial-organizational psychology

A

applying psych concepts to behavior in workplaces

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2
Q

psychometrics

A

study and measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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3
Q

natural selection

A

traits contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed to succeeding generations

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4
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

how situations and cultures affect behavior and thinking

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5
Q

personality psychology

A

study of individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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6
Q

humanistic psychology

A

emphasizes individual’s potential for personal growth

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7
Q

forensic psychology

A

applies psychological principles to legal issues

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8
Q

levels of analysis

A

differing complementary views for analyzing any situation (biological, psychological, social-cultural)

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9
Q

structuralism

A

used introspection to explore structural elements of human mind (Wundt)

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10
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

controversy whether genes or experiences shape psychological traits and behaviors

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11
Q

human factors psychology

A

how people and machines interact and how this interaction can be safe to use

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12
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

how unconscious conflicts influence behaviors

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13
Q

social psychology

A

how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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14
Q

functionalism

A

how mental and behavioral processes function- enable us to adapt and survive (William James)

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15
Q

psychiatry

A

branch of medicine for psychological disorders

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16
Q

behavioral psychology

A

study of observable behavior explained by principles of learning

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17
Q

cognitive psychology

A

mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating

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18
Q

positive psychology

A

human functioning to discover strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities survive

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19
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of brain activity linking with cognition

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20
Q

experimental psychology

A

studies behavior and thinking through the experimental method

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21
Q

community psychology

A

how people interact in social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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22
Q

developmental psychology

A

physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life span

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23
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural analysis

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24
Q

basic research

A

aims to increase scientific knowledge base

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25
Q

clinical psychology

A

studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorders

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26
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge originates in experience, science should rely on observation and experimentation

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27
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

roots of behavior and mental processes based on natural selection

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28
Q

counseling psychology

A

assists people with problems in living and achieving well-being

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29
Q

educational psychology

A

how psychological processes affect teaching and learning

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30
Q

biological psychology

A

studies link between biology and behavior

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31
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving rather than rereading information

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32
Q

behaviorism

A

psychology is an objective science, studies behavior with no reference to mental processes

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33
Q

applied research

A

studies aimed to solve practical problems

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34
Q

inferential statistics

A

infer the probability of something from sample data

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35
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of how the scores vary around the mean score

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36
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

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37
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing behavior in natural situations without manipulation

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38
Q

normal curve

A

bell-shaped curve describing distribution of many types of data

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39
Q

replication

A

repeating a research study to see if results are the same

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40
Q

statistical significance

A

statement of how likely the results occurred by chance (not chance if p value is less than .05)

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41
Q

operational definition

A

the procedures used to define research variables (ex. human intelligence is operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures)

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42
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what it’s supposed to

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43
Q

mode

A

most frequently occurring score

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44
Q

random sample

A

a sample fairly representing a population

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45
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measure of relationship between relative movements of two variables (-1 to +1)

46
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated experimental factor being studied

47
Q

culture

A

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values shared by a group

48
Q

debriefing

A

post-experimental explanation to participants (mandatory by APA ethical standards)

49
Q

descriptive statistics

A

data used to measure and describe central tendencies and measure of variations

50
Q

case study

A

observation technique where one person is studied in depth to reveal universal principles

51
Q

sampling bias

A

flawed sampling process that produces unrepresentative sample

52
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome factor; what may change in response to manipulations

53
Q

control group

A

group that is not exposed to treatment (contrasts experimental group)

54
Q

correlation

A

measures extent to which one factor predicts another factor

55
Q

experimental group

A

group exposed to treatment in an experiment (contrasts control group)

56
Q

hindsight bias

A

I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

57
Q

confounding variable

A

factor other than independent variable that could affect the experiment

58
Q

third variable

A

confounding variable affects the independent and dependent variable

59
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception of relationship between factors where there is none

60
Q

histogram

A

bar graph depicting frequency distribution

61
Q

foot in door phenomenon

A

first agree to small request later comply to big request

62
Q

attribution theory

A

explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

63
Q

central route persuasion

A

using data and facts to convince people of an argument

64
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

65
Q

campanionate love

A

affectionate attachment we feel for those whose lives are intertwined with ours

66
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt others

67
Q

informational social influence

A

influence from willingness to accept others’ opinions on reality

68
Q

attitude

A

feelings, influenced by beliefs, that influence how we react to situations

69
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group settings

70
Q

group polarization

A

enhancement of group’s ideas through group discussion

71
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

belief that world is fair and people get what they deserve

72
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

frustration creates anger which creates aggression

73
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

how we act when two thoughts are inconsistent

74
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing personal aspects of oneself to others

75
Q

equity

A

people receive in proportion what they give in a relationship

76
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals override differences in a group

77
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

observers underestimate impact of situation and overestimate person’s disposition

78
Q

groupthink

A

mode of thinking when group desires harmony more that realistic solution

79
Q

ingroup

A

people with whom we share a common identity

80
Q

passionate love

A

aroused state present at beginning of love relationship

81
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

views held by conflicting sides; each side sees itself as ethical and other side as aggressive

82
Q

bystander effect

A

person less likely to help out if others are present

83
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

84
Q

normative social influence

A

influence from person’s desire to gain approval

85
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to favor our own group

86
Q

outgroup

A

those seen as different or apart from ingroup

87
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

people influenced by incidental cues (ex. speaker’s attractiveness)

88
Q

social trap

A

conflicting parties, pursuing self-interest, are caught in mutually destructive behavior

89
Q

scapegoat theory

A

prejudice offers outlet of anger because it provides someone to blame

90
Q

social exchange theory

A

social behavior is exchange process; maximizes benefits, minimizes costs

91
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

expectation that people will help those dependent on them

92
Q

other-race effect

A

recalling faces of one’s own race more accurately that faces of other races

93
Q

social facilitation

A

stronger responses one simple, well-learned tasks in the presence of others

94
Q

personal space

A

buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

95
Q

door in face phenomenon

A

convince respondent to comply by making a larger requests knowing they will turn it down

96
Q

social script

A

culturally modeled guide on how to act in social situations

97
Q

reciprocity norm

A

people will help those who have helped them

98
Q

social loafing

A

people put in less effort when judged as a group rather than individually

99
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

first woman president of APA

100
Q

Charles Darwin

A

natural selection and evolution

101
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

humane treatment for those with psychological disorders

102
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

interpretation of dreams and the unconscious

103
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

foundation for behaviorism; psychology should be objective

104
Q

Jean Piaget

A

influential observer of children

105
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic psychology; Freudian psych and behaviorism limiting

106
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

structuralism, introspection

107
Q

Solomon Asch

A

why people conform; effects of social pressure

108
Q

Leon Festinger

A

cognitive dissonance and social comparison

109
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

obedience to authority and commands

110
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

prison experiment; people conform to expected behavioral roles

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