psych101 Flashcards
exam 2 (172 cards)
1
Q
unconditioned response
A
reflexive automatic response to unconditioned stim
2
Q
tolerance
A
body adapts
2
Q
Consciousness
A
different perspectives for experiences, feelings, thoughts, and identity awareness of self and environment
3
Q
learning
A
happens every day
4
Q
learning
A
not always instantly obvious
5
Q
insight
A
automatic
6
Q
insight
A
based on experience
7
Q
insight
A
can lead to overfeeling and underthinking
8
Q
shaping
A
part of operant conditioning
9
Q
shaping
A
guiding actions closer and closer to desired behavior
10
Q
stimulus generalization
A
after association between conditioned stimulus and response the learner responds to similar stimuli the same way
11
Q
extinction
A
conditioned response decreases after much exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
12
Q
Consciousness
A
Subjective
13
Q
Consciousness
A
voluntary control, communicate mental state
14
Q
Consciousness
A
located in many parts of the brain
15
Q
tolerance
A
an increase in dose to produce an effect
16
Q
withdrawal
A
discomfort or distress that follows the ending of drug use or addictive behavior
17
Q
addiction
A
caused by increasing doses of psychoactive drugs
18
Q
substance use disorder
A
continued substance craving and use despite life disruption and/or physical risk
19
Q
learning
A
change in behavior due to experience
20
Q
partial reinforcement effect
A
the behaviors that develop through inconsistent reinforcement are more resistant to extinction
21
Q
taste aversion
A
form of classical conditioning associated of taste w/ illness so we avoid
22
Q
cognition
A
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
23
Q
cognition
A
understanding through thought and experiences
24
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
25
heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms
26
heuristics
enables quick thinking and learned gut feelings
27
mental set
a tendency to fall back on strategies one has always used even if they do not always work
28
chunking
information to organize items into familiar, manageable units that help us recall information more easily, usually happens automatically
29
retrieval
retrieving information out of memory storage, mood effects retrieval, we must actively process to be able to retrieve
30
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
31
recall
retrieving information out of storage into conscious awareness ex: fill in the blank
32
REM
rapid eye movement sleep
33
REM
reoccurring sleep stage where vivid dreams occur
34
REM
paradoxical sleep, muscles are relaxed, brain is energetic, and other bodily systems are active
35
REM
body is more internally aroused (morning wood or wake up wet)
36
REM
motor cortex is active but brainstem blocks messages
37
REM
essentially paralyzed, very hard to wake
38
REM
link between -------- and memory
39
REM
helps file memories away and gives sleeping brain a workout to help it develop
40
insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep
41
insomnia
chronic tiredness, rely on sleeping pills or alcohol (can reduce rem sleep and lead to tolerance)
42
insomnia
1 in 10
43
narcolepsy
1 in 2000
44
narcolepsy
sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
45
narcolepsy
seconds to minutes
46
sleep apnea
1 in 20
47
sleep apnea
stop breathing when sleeping
48
sleep apnea
fatigue, depression
49
sleep apnea
associated with obesity commonly in men
50
sleepwalking
1-15 in 100 for general population
51
sleep walking
1/2 of young children
52
sleep walking
sitting up, walking, talking, sleeping
53
night terrors
1 in 100 adults
54
night terrors
1 in 30 children
55
night terrors
terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, waking, doubled heart rate and breathing
56
sleep deprivation
tiredness triggers testiness
57
sleep deprivation
more conflicts in friendships and relationships, can predict depression
58
sleep deprivation
71% higher risk of depression
59
sleep deprivation
can suppress the immune system, lower resistance to illness, less able to fight viral infections
60
61
sleep deprivation
slower reaction time, can destroy mood, decrease driver safety ,reduce school performance
62
sleep deprivation
can make us gain weight; decreased metabolic energy, increased cortisol, enhances brain response (limbic system) at mere sight of food
63
alcohol
is always a depressant
64
opiates
opium, herion, morphine, oxy, fentanyl
65
tranquilizers
depress nervous system activity, can impair judgement and memory, if combined with alcohol could lead to death
66
opiates
pleasure to replace pain or anxiety, pupils constrict, breathing slows and you get tired, tolerance develops
67
opiates
brain will stop producing endorphins, brain will lack natural pain killers and those who cant take it may overdose
68
depressant
major drug category
69
stimulant
major drug category
70
hallucinogen
major drug category
71
major drug category
stimulate, mimic, or inhibit the brains own chemical messengers; the neurotransmiters
72
depressants
alcohol, tranqs, opiates
73
depressants
slow neural activity and bodily functions
74
stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
75
Halluncinogens
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
76
alcohol
low doses may enliven a drinker
77
alcohol
slows activity in the brain, the part that controls judgment and inhibition's
78
alcohol
urges we feel sober we act on when intoxicated by
79
alcohol
even the idea that you have consumed ------- can impare judgement
80
alcohol
more likely to focus on arousing situations under the influence of ---------
81
alcohol
disrupts long-term memory processing, supresses rem sleep, can have long term effects on the brain, death of nerve cells
82
alcohol
impairs growth of synaptic connections, slows sympathetic nervous system
83
alcohol
in low doses causes relaxation, in large doses slows reactions, slurrs speech, performance decline, shrinks the brain
84
alcohol
can cause early death, women are addicted easier and at a lower consumption rate
85
ecstasy
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
86
ecstacy
produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
87
ecstacy
club drug
88
ecstacy
causes dehydration, can lead to overheating, increased blood pressure and death
89
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug created and accidentally ingested by creator albert hoffman
90
LSD
amazing colors, shapes, and pictures
91
LSD
emotions vary from detachment to panic
92
classical conditioning
stim paired with action, response to action, brain pairs stim w response, stim is conditioned stim and response is conditioned response
93
classical conditioning
two different stimuli associated
94
neutral stimulus
does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response
95
classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired and are associated with each other
96
classical conditioning
neutral stimulus conditioned to an automatic response
97
unconditioned stimulus
involuntary response w/ no learning needed
98
neutral stimulus
no response before conditioning
99
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association with unconditioned stimulus
100
unconditioned response
learned response to conditioned stimulus
101
operant conditioning
connections between behavior and consequences
102
reinforcers
events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring
103
reinforcement
increasing frequency behaviors with consequences
104
positive reinforcement
gives reward, shaping
105
negative reinforcement
removal of unpleasant stimulus following target behavior that increases likely hood of behavior occurring.
106
punishment
designed to decrease behavior that it follows
107
positive punishment
something unpleasant following unpleasant behavior
108
negative punishment
removal of something pleasant following unwanted behavior decrease unwanted behavior
109
continuous reinforcement
every target behavior is reinforced
110
partial reinforcement
target behaviors are not consistently reinforced
111
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement given after certain # of responses, characteristic dip following
112
variable ratio schedule
must exhibit a specific number of desired responses or behaviors before a reinforcer is given, high response rate and behaviors that are hard to get rid of
113
fixed interval schedule
a reinforcer given for the first target behavior occuring after a specific time interval, target behavior tends to increase.
114
variable interval scheduel
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, encourages steady pattern of behaviors.
115
primary reinforcers
biological (food, drink, pleasure)
116
secondary reinforcers
learned reinforcers (money, grades)
117
guideline of punishment
do not use physical punishment
118
guideline of punishment
punish inappropriate behavior immediately
119
guideline of punishment
positively reinforce good behavior immediately
120
guideline of punishment
punish specific behaviors
121
guideline of punishment
do not mix punishments and rewards for the same behavior
122
guideline of punishment
do not back down
123
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
124
general intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test; mental and physical abilities similar
125
126
garners theory of multiple intelligences
seven types:
1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. visual-spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
127
garners theory of multiple intelligences
one person can have a specific area of excellence
128
Steinberg's Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
129
best use of intelligence tests
to determine academic scores
130
scores below 70% on intelligence tests are considered
intellectual disability
131
mental retardation is now
intellectual disability
132
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
132
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
133
definition of memory per class notes
the ability to repeat a performance with mistakes, more reconstructive than reproductive
134
day residue
day residue is when you dream about your day
135
stimulus incorporation
when outside things come into your dream (music playing and you hear it in dream)
136
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
137
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
138
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
139
process in remembering
encoding, storage, retrieval
140
process in remembering
encoding which gathers information into our brain's memory system
141
process in remembering
storage which retains encoded information over time
142
process in remembering
retrieval which gathers information out of memory storage
143
george millers equation
can store about 7 bits of information
144
george millers equation
7 +- 2
145
retention
18-25% of what we hear
146
retention
if we hear it and write it down, retention increases 50%
147
retention
if we hear it, write it down, and review it that evening (or within 24 hours), retention increases 75-80%.
148
serial position
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
149
sleep and memory
sleep supports memory consolidation
150
brain structures sleep
hippocampus and the brain cortex display rhythmic patterns of activity during sleep
151
sleep and memory
brain is replaying days experiences and transferring them to cortex for long term memory storage
152
forgetting and the two track mind
recall past information but cannot form new memories
153
encoding failure
failure to process information into memory, what we fail to encode we fail to remember
154
storage decay
even after encoding we may forget
155
retrieval failure
somethings aren't remembered because they aren't encoded and others because they were discarded
156
ingredient for improving memory
rehearsing repeatedly
157
ingredient for improving memory
make the information meaningful
158
memory
persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
159
encoding
getting information into our brain's memory system
160
storage
retaining encoded information over time
161
retrieval
getting information out of memory storage
162
mnemonics
memory aids
163
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
164
testing effect
improves memory and learning
165
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
166
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
167
long-term potentiation
increase in a synapse's firing potential
168
recall
memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier
169
recognition
memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned
170
relearning
memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material for a second time (most sensitive method of retrieval)
