Psych1011 WEEKS 1+2

Question 0

E.B TITCHENER

Answer 0

British student of Wundt
Emigrated to US -> Cornell
Founded Structuralism

Expanded elements of consciousness

Question 1

PAREIDOLIA

Answer 1

Tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli.
“Nun bun”

Question 2

WILHELM WUNDT

Answer 2

Founded 1st psych lab in Germany, 1879
Introspection
Structuralist - fundamental elements of human behaviour.
Systematic observation - introspection

Question 3

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 3

School of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour.

• Jean Piaget
• Ulric Neisser

Question 4

NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 4

Principle that organisms that possess adaptions survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms.

Question 5

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 5

Discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour.

Question 6

B.F. SKINNER

Answer 6

Follow of John B. Watson
Behaviourism
1904-1990

Question 7

STRUCTURALISM

Answer 7

School of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of the psychological experience
E.B. Titchener
Used introspection. Trying to be scientific.

Question 8

PHRENOLOGY

Answer 8

Franz Joseph Gall 1758-1828
Identification and bumps on the outer contours of the skill reflect the contours of the brain
First idea that specific functions in specific areas. Brain divided up.

Question 9

PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 9

The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour.

Question 10

PSEUDOSCIENCE

Answer 10

Set of claims that seem scientific but aren’t.

• Ad hoc immunising hypothesis
• Lack of self correction
• Over reliance on anedotes

Question 11

CONFIRMATION BIAS

Answer 11

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them.

Question 12

BELIEF PERSERVERANCE

Answer 12

Tendency to stick with our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.

Question 13

FALSIFIABLE

Answer 13

Capable of being disproved.

Question 14

REPLICABILITY

Answer 14

When a study’s findings are able to be duplicated ideally by independent investigators.

Question 15

CORRELATION-CAUSATION FALLACY

Answer 15

Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another it must be the cause of the other.

Question 16

JOHN B. WATSON

Answer 16

American psychologist 1878-1958
Founder of Behaviourism
Psychology as a science

Question 17

FUNCTIONALISM

Answer 17

School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

• William James, influenced by Charles Darwin
• Not “what is”, more “why? what for?”

Question 18

DAVID HUME

Answer 18

Scottish philosopher

Only senses. No such thing as self. Objects do not exist, just sensory properties.

Question 19

BRITISH EMPIRICISM

Answer 19

Rejected rationalist doctrine of innate ideas (Descartes).
All knowledge is derived from experience, mainly sensory.
Tabula Rasa - blank slate.

Question 20

APOPHENIA

Answer 20

Tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena.
Lincoln and Kennedy.

Question 21

SCIENTIFIC THEORY

Answer 21

General explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world.
Must generate novel predictions that can be tested - a hypothesis.

Question 22

CRITICAL THINKING

Answer 22

A set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.

Question 23

HYPOTHESIS

Answer 23

Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory. Specific prediction.

Question 24

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Answer 24

Relatively new field of psychology that examines the relationship between brain function and thinking.

Question 25

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Answer 25

School of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware.

Question 26

BEHAVOURISM

Answer 26

School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour. John B Watson BF Skinner

Question 27

SIGMUND FREUD

Answer 27

Viennese neurologist Psychoanalysis 1856-1939

Question 28

IVAN PAVLOV

Answer 28

Russian physiologist | Studied function of conditioned reflexes

Question 29

CHARLES DARWIN

Answer 29

Humans have descended from animals through principles of natural selection. No separation between man and animals. Universally observed emotions.

Question 30

INTROSPECTION

Answer 30

Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences.

Question 31

WILLIAM JAMES

Answer 31

Founder of Functionalism Wrote "Principles of Psychology" (1890) Influenced by Charles Darwin Evolutionary theory.

Question 32

VARIABLE

Answer 32

Anything that can vary.

Question 33

METAPHYSICAL CLAIM

Answer 33

Assertion about the world that is not testable (eg. God, afterlife)

Question 34

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Answer 34

Variations among people in their thinking, emotion, and behaviour.

Question 35

EMPIRICISM VS RATIONALISM

Answer 35

Opposite sides of the coin. Theory vs observable. Rationalists (like Descartes). Knowledge is thought and reason. Mind transforms sensory info. Empiricists (like Hume, Locke). All knowledge is from experience. Emphasis sensory. Observation.

Question 36

SCIENTIFIC SCEPTICISM

Answer 36

Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them.

Question 37

PAUL BROCA

Answer 37

France 1824-1880 Injuries to specific areas in left cortical hemisphere of brain leads to specific loss of speech production. - Broca's Area

Question 38

PSYCHOLOGY OUT OF PHILOSOPHY

Answer 38

``` Mind / body problem Origins of human knowledge Nature vs nuture Relationship between humans and non-human animals Free will vs determinism ```

Question 39

JEAN PIAGET

Answer 39

Swiss psychologist 1896-1980 Cognitivism Children conceptualise the world in markedly different ways than adults do.

Question 40

ULRIC NEISSER

Answer 40

Cognitivism | Thinking is so central to psychology it merits a separate discipline in its own right.

Question 41

RENE DESCARTES

Answer 41

Cogito Ergo Sum - I think therefore I am. French mathematician, physiologist, philosopher. Rationalism - truth is not sensory, but intellectual and deductive. Knowledge from thought and reflection. Challenged dogma by resolving to doubt everything.

Question 42

JOHN LOCKE

Answer 42

British philosopher 1632-1704 Mind at birth like white paper - tabula rasa. Exclusively shaped by our environments. Sensation and reflection. Simple knowledge builds complex knowledge.

Question 43

NAIVE REALISM

Answer 43

Belief that the world is precisely as we see it.