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Y4 Psychiatry > Psychiatric Conditions > Flashcards

Psychiatric Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some features of psychosis ?

A

Hallucinations ( auditory )
Delusions
Thought disorganisation
Agitation

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2
Q

What are some conditions where psychotic symptoms present ?

A

Schizophrenia
Depression ( psychotic depression - subtype in the elderly )
Bipolar disorder
Neurological conditions ( parksinons or huntingtons )
Certain illicit drugs ( cannabis )

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3
Q

What are Schneider’s first rank symptoms for schizophrenia ?

A

Auditory hallucinations
Thought disorders
Passivity phenomena
Delusional perceptions

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4
Q

What are some thought disorders ?

A

Thought insertion
Thought withdrawal
Thought broadcasting

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5
Q

What is passivity phenomena ?

A

Bodily sensations being controlled by an external influence
Actions / impulses / feelings - experiences which are imposed on the individual or influenced by others

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6
Q

What is delusional perception ?

A

It’s a 2 stage process
- a normal object is perceived
- then there is a sudden intense delusional insight into the object
( the traffic light is green so i am the king )

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7
Q

What are some other features of schizophrenia not in the first rank symptoms ?

A

Impaired insight
Negative symptoms
- blunting of affect
- anhedonia
- social withdrawal
Catatonia
Neologisms ( made up words )

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8
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

A

At least 2 of the following symptoms must be present for at least a month :
- persistent delusions
- persistent hallucinations
- disorganised thinking - formal thought disorder
- experiences of passivity phenomena
- negative symptoms
- psychomotor disturbances

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9
Q

What is the management for schizophrenia ?

A

Oral antipsychotics
CBT
Close monitoring - regular blood tests when on antipsychotics

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10
Q

What are some risk factors for schizophrenia ?

A

Afro-Caribbean ethnicity
UK migrants
Family history
Winter births
Illicit drug use
Genetics

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11
Q

What features are present in manic psychosis ?

A

Grandiose delusions
2nd person auditory hallucinations

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12
Q

What are some features in depressive psychosis ?

A

Guilt, poverty and nihilistic delusions
2nd person auditory hallucinations

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13
Q

What is formal thought disorder ?

A

A problem of speech ( and flow of thought ) which means that each sentence ( or phrase or word ) does not follow on from the next.

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14
Q

What is a delusion ?

A

A fixed firmly held belief that is usually false, that cannot be reasoned away, that is held despite evidence to the contrary and is out of keeping with with a persons sociocultural norms

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15
Q

What is a hallucination ?

A

The perception f an object in the absence of an external stimulus.

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16
Q

What are some types of mood disorder ?

A

Depression
Bipolar
Persistent mood disorder

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17
Q

What are the core symptoms of depression ?

A

Continuous low mood for 2 weeks
Lack of energy
Anhedonia ( lack of interest or enjoyment )

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18
Q

What are some somatic symptoms of depression ?

A

Sleep changes - early morning wakening
Appetite and weight changes
Diurnal variation of mood - worse in the morning
Psychomotor retardation / agitation
Loss of libido

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19
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of depression ?

A

Low self esteem
Guilt / self blame
Hoplessness
Hypochondrial thoughts
Poor concentration / attention
Suicidal thoughts

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20
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of mild depression ?

A

2 core symptoms.

+
2 others

( able to function )

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21
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of moderate depression ?

A

2 core + 3/4 others

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22
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of severe depression ?

A

3 core and at least 4 others

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23
Q

What are some risk factors for post natal depression ?

A

Personal or family history
Older age
Single mother
Unwanted pregnancy
Poor social support
Previous PND

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24
Q

What are some symptoms of hypomania ?

A

( considerable interference with work/social activity )
Mildly elevated, expansive or irritable mood
Increased energy / activity
Sociability, talkativeness, over familiarity
Increased sex drive
Reduced need for sleep
Difficulty in focusing on one task

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25
What are some symptoms for mania ?
1 week of elevated, expansive or irritable mood Increased energy / activity -agitated Grandiosity Pressure of speech Flight of ideas Distractible Reduced need for sleep Increased libido Loss of social inhibitions Psychotic symptoms
26
What is cyclothymia ?
Mild periods of elation / depression Early onset / chronic course
27
what is dysthymia ?
Chronic low mood not fulfilling the criteria of depression
28
What is bipolar 1 ?
1 or more manic episodes With or without 1 or more depressive episodes
29
What is bipolar 2 ?
1 or more depressive episodes with at least 1 hypomanic episode
30
What are some biological causes of mood disorders ?
Genetics Brain illness Physical illness
31
What are some psychological causes of mood disorders ?
Childhood experiences View of yourself and the world Personality traits
32
What are some social causes of mood disorders ?
Work, housing and fiancés Relationships and supoort
33
What are some biological treatments for mood disorders ?
Pharmacological ECT - electroconvulsive therapy RTMS - repetitive transcranial stimulation TDCS - transcranial direct current stimulation
34
What are some examples of anti-depressants ?
SSRI SNRI TCA MAOI
35
What are some mood stabilisers ?
Lithium Valproate Carbamazepine Lamotrigine
36
What is ECT ?
A treatment that involves sending an electric current through the brain to trigger an epileptic seizure Performed twice a week for 6 weeks
37
What are the indications for ECT ?
Severe depressive illness - treatment resistant Life threatening illness Prolonged and severe manic episode Catatonia High suicide risk Severe psychomotor retardation
38
What is rTMS ?
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation involves placing an electromagnetic coil against your head which sends repetitive pulses of magnetic energy at a fixed frequency
39
What some be avoided in the management of bipolar disorder ?
Antidepressants
40
What are some psychological treatments for mood disorders ?
Psychoeducation CBT Mindfulness
41
What are some social interventions for mood disorders ?
Targeted interventions - family - housing - financial advice - employment - coping strategies
42
How long should antidepressants be continued after the first episode of depression ?
At least 6-12 months
43
When does does anxiety become a problem ?
When the response is to a perceived threat / not an actual threat
44
What is the threshold on PHQ-9 for severe depression ?
A PHQ-9 score of more than 16
45
What are the treatment options for mild depression ?
Guided self help Group CBT Individual CBT Group mindfulness SSRI’s
46
What is the management options for more severe depression ?
CBT Antidepressants - SSRI, SNRI Individual CBT Counselling
47
What are the 2 screening questions for depression ?
During the last month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless ? During the last month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things ?
48
When switching between SSRI’s ( excluding fluoxetine ) what should happen ?
The first one should be stopped before starting the next
49
When switching from fluoxetine to an SSRI what should happen ?
Withdrawal then leave a gap of 4 - 7 days before starting a low dose SSRI
50
When switching from SSRI to a TCA what should happen ?
Cross tapering is recommended ( current drug dose is reduced slowly whilst the dose of the new drug is slowly increased ) ( exception of fluoxetine which should be withdrawal prior to TCAs being started )
51
When switching from citalopram and Sertraline to venlafaxine what should happen ?
Cross taper cautiously Start venlafaxine 37.5mg daily and increase very slowly
52
When switching from fluoxetine to venlafaxine what should happen ?
Withdraw and then start venlafaxine at 37.5mg each day and slowly increase
53
What is bipolar disorder ?
A chronic mental health disorder characterised by periods of mania/hypomania alongside episodes of depression
54
What is the management for bipolar disorder ?
Lithium - first line mood stabiliser An alternative is valproate Mania/hypomania - stop antidepressants and start olanzapine or haloperidol Depression - talking therapies or fluoxetine
55
What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics ?
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists blocking dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic pathways
56
What are some common side effects of typical antipsychotics ?
Extra-pyramidal side effects Hyperprolactinaemia
57
What are some examples of typical antipsychotics ?
Haloperidol Chlorpromazine
58
What is the mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics ?
Acts on a variety of receptors ( D2, D3, D4 and 5 - HT )
59
What are some examples of atypical antipsychotics ?
Clozapine Risperidone Olanzapine
60
What are some extra-pyramidal side effects ?
Parkinsonism Acute Dystonia Akathisia Tardive dyskinesia
61
What is the monitoring required for antipsychotics ?
FBC U&E’s - start , annually LFTs Lipids - start, 3 months and annually Weight - BP - baseline and frequent ECG - baseline
62
What are some adverse side effects of atypical antipsychotics ?
Weight gain Hyperprolactinaemia Clozapine - - Agranulocytosis - constipation ( can lead to bowel obstruction )
63
What are medications that can trigger anxiety ?
Salbutamol Theophylline Corticosteroid Antidepressants Caffeine
64
What are differentials for anxiety ?
Hyperthyroidism Cardiac disease Mediation induced anxiety
65
What is the stepwise treatment for GAD ?
Step 1 - education about GAD and active monitoring Step 2 - low intensity psychological interventions Step 3 - high intensity psychological interventions ( CBT ) or drug treatment Step 4 - highly specialist input
66
What drug treatment is used for GAD ?
Sertraline is first line Second line is other SSRI or SNRI Third line offer pregabalin
67
What is the stepwise management for panic disorder ?
Step 1 - recognition and diagnosis Step 2 - treatment in primary care Step 3 - review and consideration of alternative treatment Step 4 - review and referral to specialist mental health service Step 5 - care in mental health services
68
What is the primary care treatment for generalised anxiety disorder ?
CBT or drug treatment - SSRI
69
What is the grief reaction ?
The normal reaction of people feeling sadness and grief following the death of a loved one and is not necessarily medicalised.
70
What are the five stages of grief ?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
71
What are some features of atypical grief reaction ?
Delayed grief - occurs 2 weeks after passing Prolonged grief - beyond 12 months
72
What are some differences between mania and hypomania ?
Mania - lasts at least 7 days - severe functional impairment - may require hospitalisation - psychotic symptoms Hypomania - lesser version of mania - lasts for less than 7 days - can be high functioning and does not impair social and work setting - unlikely to require hospitalisation - does not exhibit psychotic symptoms
73
What are some similarities of mania and hypomania ?
Elevated and irritable mood Pressure of speech Flight of ideas Poor attention Insomnia Loss of inhibitions Increased appetite
74
How does someone present if they have insomnia ?
Decreased daytime functioning Decreased periods of sleep ( delayed sleep onset or waking in the night) Increase in accidents often due to poor concentration
75
What are some risk factors for insomnia ?
Female gender Increased age Lower educational attainment Unemployment Economic inactivity Widowed, divorced or separated status Alcohol and substance abuse Poor sleep hygiene Chronic pain
76
How can a diagnosis of insomnia be made ?
Mainly through interview Sleep diary Polysomnography ( not routinely performed )
77
What is the short term management of insomnia ?
Identify potential cause Advise not to drive when sleepy Sleep hygiene Only consider hypnotics if daytime impairment is severe
78
What is the drug management for insomnia ?
Short acting benzodiazepine or zopiclone ( diazepam not recommend )
79
What is OCD ?
The presence of either obsessions or compulsions, commonly both. These symptoms can cause significant functional impairment and / or distress
80
What is an obsession ?
It is defined as an unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge that repeatedly enters the persons mind
81
What is a compulsion ?
Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform. It can be overt or covert
82
What are some risk factors for OCD ?
Family history Age - peak onset between 10-20 years old Pregnancy / post-natal period History of abuse, bullying, neglect
83
What is the management for OCD if it is mild ?
Low intensity CBT SSRI if CBT is ineffective
84
What is the management for OCD if it is moderate ?
SSRI Higher intensity CBT Consider clomipramine
85
What is the management for OCD if it is severe ?
Refer to mental health team for assessment SSRI and CBT
86
What is ERP therapy ?
A psychological method which involves exposing a patient to an anxiety provoking situation and then stopping them engaging in their usual safety behaviour.
87
What are some psychological symptoms of GAD ?
Fearful anticipation Irritability Sensitivity Restless Poor concentration Anxious thoughts
88
What are some physical symptoms of GAD ?
GI - dry mouth, loose stool, epigastric discomfort Resp - tight chest, difficulty inhaling Cardio - palpitations, Genitourinary - frequent / urgent micturition, ED Sleep disturbance
89
What are some risk factors of GAD ?
Genetic Upbringing Personality type Stressful life event
90
What is a simple phobia ?
Marked fear of specific object or situation with a marked avoidance of the object
91
What is agoraphobia ?
Fear of crowds, open spaces Anxiety is reduced with support
92
What is the management of agoraphobia ?
Exposure Antidepressants CBT
93
What is a social phobia ?
Fear of negative evaluation can lead to avoidance of feared situations and use safety behaviours
94
What is the management of social phobias ?
Exposure SSRI Anxiolytics CBT
95
What is panic ?
Excessive arousal with fear that the symptoms are evidence of a catastrophe
96
What is the treatment for panic disorder ?
Imipramine, clomipramine SSRI Anxiolytic CBT
97
What is PTSD ?
It is caused by exposure to an event or situation of exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature which would be likely to cause pervasive distress in almost everyone
98
What are some features of PTSD ?
Re-experiencing - flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive images Avoidance Hyperarousal - hypervigilance Emotional numbing Depression Drug or alcohol use Anger
99
What is the management of PTSD ?
Watchful waiting may be used for mild symptoms lasting less than 4 weeks Trauma focused CBT Drug treatment not used as first line but if needed venlafaxine or an SSRI is used
100
What is cluster A personality disorders characterised by ?
Odd or eccentric
101
What is cluster B personality disorders characterised by ?
Dramatic Emotional Erratic
102
What is cluster C personality disorders characterised by ?
Anxious Fearful
103
What types of personality disorders fall in cluster A ?
Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal
104
What types of personality disorders fall in cluster B ?
Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic
105
What types of personality disorders fall in cluster C ?
Obsessive compulsive Avoidant Dependent
106
What is paranoid personality disorder ?
Hypersensitivity and an unforgiving attitude when insulted Unwarranted tendency to question the loyalty of friends Reluctance to confide in others
107
What are some features of schizoid personality disorder ?
Indifference to praise and criticism Preference for solitary activities Lack of interest in sexual interactions Lac of desire for companionship Emotional coldness Few interests Few friends
108
What are some features of schizotypal personality disorder ?
Ideas of reference ( delusion but some insight ) Odd beliefs Unusual perceptual disturbances Paranoid ideation Odd eccentric behaviour Lack of close friends
109
What are some features of antisocial personality disorder ?
Failure to conform to social norms More common in men Deception Impulsiveness Irritable or aggressive Reckless Lack of remorse
110
What are some features of borderline personality disorder ?
Efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment Unstable interpersonal relationships Unstable self image Recurrent suicidal behaviour Chronic feelings of emptiness Difficulty controlling anger
111
What are some features of histrionic personality disorder ?
Inappropriate sexual seductiveness Need to be the centre of attention Suggestibility Self dramatisation
112
What are some features of narcissistic personality disorder ?
Grandiose sense of self importance Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power or beauty Sense of entitlement Lac of empathy Chronic envy Arrogant
113
What are some features of obsessive compulsive personality disorder ?
Occupied with details, rules, lists, order and organisation Perfectionism Extremely dedicated Meticulous No sentimental meaning Unwilling to pass on tasks or work Stingy spending style
114
What are some features of avoidant personality disorder ?
Avoidance of occupational activities which involve significant interpersonal contact due to fears of criticism or rejection Unwillingness to be involved preoccupied with ideas that they are being criticised or rejected Restraint in intimate relationships Reluctance to take personal risk Views self as inept and inferior
115
What are some features of dependent personality disorder ?
Difficulty in making everyday decisions without excessive reassurance Need for others to assume responsibility for major areas in their life Difficulty in expressing disagreement Lack of initiative Urgent search for another relationship as a source of care and support
116
What is the management for personality disorders ?
Psychological therapies Treatment of any co-existing psychiatric conditions
117
What is circumstantiality ?
The inability to answer a question without giving excessive, unnecessary detail. However they do return to the original point
118
What is tangentiality ?
Refers to wandering from a topic without returning to it
119
What is neologisms ?
New word formations which might include combining of 2 words
120
What is word salad ?
Describes completely incoherent speech where real words are strung together into nonsense sentences
121
What is flight of ideas ?
A feature of mania where there are leaps from one topic to another but with discernible links between them.
122
what are some features of anorexia nervosa ?
Reduced body mass index Bradycardia Hypotension Enlarged salivary glands
123
What are some physiological abnormalities of anorexia nervosa ?
Hypokalaemia Low FSH, LH, oestrogen and testosterone Raised cortisol anal growth hormone Impaired glucose tolerance
124
What is bulimia nervosa ?
A type of eating disorder characterised by episodes of binge eating followed by intentional vomiting or other purgative behaviours such as use of laxatives or diuretics or exercising.
125
What is the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa ?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain The binge eating and compensatory behaviours occur at least nice a week for 3 months Self evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
126
What is the management of bulimia nervosa ?
Referral for specialist care Bulimia nervosa focused guided self help for adults CBT Children should be offered bulimia focused family therapy
127
What is autism ?
A neurodevelopmental condition characterised by qualitative impairment in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive stereotyped behaviour, interests and activities.
128
What are some features of autism ?
Impaired social communication and interaction - children frequently play alone, failure to form relationships and failure to pick up on nonverbal cues Repetitive behaviours, interests and activities Associated with intellectual and language impairment ADHD and epilepsy are common associations
129
What are the non-pharmacological interventions for autism ?
Applied behavioural analysis ASD preschool program Family support and counselling
130
What are the pharmacological interventions for autism ?
SSRI - help to reduce symptoms like repetitive stereotyped behaviour, anxiety and aggression Antipsychotics - useful to reduce aggression or self injury Methylphenidate - for ADHD
131
What is ADHD ?
Attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder is a condition incorporating features relating to inattention and/or hypersensitivity or impulsivity that is persistent. There has to be an element of developmental delay.
132
What are some diagnostic features of ADHD ?
Doesn’t follow through on instructions Reluctance to engage in mentally intense tasks Easily distracted Finds it difficult to organise tasks Unable to play quietly Talks excessively Does not wait their turn easily Is often ‘on the go’ Interruptive
133
What is the management of ADHD in children ?
Mild / moderate - parents attending education and training programs Severe - methylphenidate is first line
134
What is the management for ADHD in adults ?
Methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine ( switch between if no benefit is seen )
135
What should be performed before starting mediation for ADHD ?
Baseline ECG as the medications can be cardio toxic
136
What are some causes of death from alcohol ?
Fights and falls Liver failure Pancreatitis Overdose Withdrawal Wernicke’s encephalopathy
137
What are some worrying symptoms in someone has alcohol dependence ?
Head injury Confusion Seizures Hallucinations Vomit blood Severe abdo pain Jaundice
138
What are some early signs of alcohol withdrawal ?
Tremor Sweating Nausea Anxiety Tachycardia
139
What are some late signs of alcohol withdrawal ?
Delirium tremens Disorientation Hallucination Tremor
140
What is the triad of Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
Ataxia Nystagmus / Ophthalmoplegia confusion
141
What are some other symptoms of wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
Vomiting Altered level of consciousness Fever Ptosis
142
What is the treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
Parenteral thiamine
143
What is Korsakoff’s ?
Prominent impairment of recent and remote memory Immediate recall is preserved
144
What is seen in an opiate overdose ?
Not much Pin point pupils Decreasing consciousness Slow breathing Death
145
What are some signs of opiate withdrawal ( early )
Sweaty clammy skin Tachycardia Rhinnorhea Dilated pupils Persistent yawning
146
What are some signs of opiate withdrawal? ( late )
Nausea and vomiting Diarrhoea Insomnia Abdo cramps Muscle pains
147
What treatment is used for opiate withdrawal ?
Methadone Buprenorphine
148
What is the treatment for benzodiazepines ?
Reduce on own supply Pregabalin
149
What are the most common causes of death in stimulants ?
Acute heart attacks and strokes
150
What causes Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
Alcoholic malnutrition leads to vitamin B1 deficiency
151
What are the 2 types of anorexia nervosa ?
Restrictive type Binge eating / purging type
152
What are some diagnostic criteria for anorexia ?
Refusal to maintain or achieve normal body weight BMI under 17.5 Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat Body shape disturbance Undue influence weight an shape on self evaluation Amenorrhoea
153
What are some compensatory behaviours in anorexia ?
Purging behaviours - self induced vomiting - laxatives Medications - diuretics - slimming aids / fat blockers
154
What are some diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa ?
Recurrent episodes of overeating Persistent preoccupation with eating and a strong desire to eat ( craving ) The patient attempts to counteract the fattening effects of food by compensatory behaviours A self perception of being too fat, with an intrusive dread of fatness
155
What are some features of a binge ?
Subjective loss of control Large amounts, typically calorie laden ( forbidden food ) Associated with guilt afterwards Secretive Alone
156
What are some compensatory mechanisms for bulimia nervosa ?
Purging - self induced vomiting and laxative use Non purging - exercise - fasting
157
How can eating disorders affect the endocrine system ?
Amennorhoea Sick euthyroid syndrome ( low T4 normal TSH )
158
How can eating disorders affect the cardiovascular system ?
Myocardial thinning Bradycardia Hypotension Arrhythmias Cardiomyopathy Mitral prolapse Heart failure
159
How can eating disorders affect the skeletal system ?
Osteopenia / osteoporosis Fractures
160
How can eating disorders affect the GI system ?
Delayed gut motility / delayed gastric emptying Constipation Mallory Weiss tears Hepatitis Pancreatitis
161
How can eating disorders affect the liver ?
Fatty liver / hepatitis Liver failure a risk of re feeding
162
What is the management for anorexia nervosa ?
CBT and MANTRA
163
What is the management for bulimia nervosa ?
Guided self help for milder cases CBT
164
What are the aims of therapy for eating disorders ?
Motivation Restore to healthy weight Help patients to cope with life and express themselves without resort to dietary restrictions Get life back on track
165
What is the outcome of bulimia nervosa ?
50 - 70 % recover completely Relapsing and remitting course Increasing recognition of long term impact on QOL
166
What is re feeding syndrome ?
It can be defined as the potentially fatal shifts in fluids and electrolytes that may occur in malnourished patients receiving artificial re feeding.
167
What patients are at risk of re-feeding syndrome ?
Patients with anorexia nervosa Patients with chronic alcoholism Oncology patients Post op patients Elderly patients Patient with chronic malnutrition
168
What can cause patients with delirium tremens to die ?
Respiratory and cardiovascular collapse Cardiac arrhythmia
169
What are the symptoms and signs of delirium tremens ?
Severe tremor Clouding of consciousness Delusions Confusion Tachycardia Agitation Fever Hallucinations
170
What are some risk factors of delirium tremens ?
Abnormal liver function Old age Severity of withdrawal symptoms Concurrent medical illness Heavy alcohol use
171
What is the treatment of delirium tremens ?
Benzodiazepine - oral Chlordiazepoxide - IV diazepam or lorazepam
172
What is the ICD 10 diagnostic guidelines for anxiety ?
Patients must have primary symptoms of anxiety most days for several weeks at a time, and usually for at least 6 months duration. These symptoms involve : - apprehension - motor tension - autonomic overactvity
173
What is the management of anxiety ?
CBT Medication - First line - SSRI Second line - SNRI
174
What is a panic attack ?
A discrete episode of intense anxiety. It starts abruptly, reaches a peak within few minutes (10 minutes ) then starts to subside within 20-30 minutes. The attacks tend to occur spontaneously with no obvious precipitants.
175
When is the panic disorder graded as severe according to ICD 10 ?
If more than 4 attacks per week in a 4 week period
176
What is the management of panic disorder ?
CBT SSRI
177
What is OCD according to ICD 10 ?
Obsessional symptoms or compulsive acts, or both, must be present for most days for at least 2 successive weeks and be a source of distress or interference with activities.
178
What are some clinical features of OCD ?
Checking Washing Contamination Doubting Bodily fears Counting
179
What are the 2 types of bipolar ?
Type 1 - characterised by full blown mania or mixed mania or depression Type 2 - characterised by recurrent depression and hypomania without episodes of either mania or mixed states
180
What is mania ?
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated and/or irritable mood, with 3 or more characteristic symptoms of mania. The disturbance sufficiently impairs occupational and social functioning.

Y4 Psychiatry (7 decks)

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