Psychoanalytic and Neoanalytic Theories Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Psychoanalytic theory identifies 3 components of the mind and three components of personality
Through which models?
A
- Topographical model of the mind
- Structural model of personality
2
Q
Topographical model of the mind - 3 components/levels of cognitive function:
FREUD
A
- Conscious (accessible - what you’re thinking about right now)
- Preconscious (readily accessible - recall/retrieve information)
- Unconscious (inaccessible)
3
Q
3: Unconscious
A
- …violent motives, irrational wishes, immoral urges
- Linked to cerebellum
- Occupies the largest region of the mind
4
Q
Structural model of personality
A
- Id (drives/instincts; pleasure principle; primary thought process)
- Ego (safe expression of id drives/instincts)
- Superego (morality; conscience/ego ideal)
5
Q
ID - pleasure principle
Structural model of personality
A
Pleasure principle: id need for immediate gratification (not capable of delaying gratification)
6
Q
Primary process thought (in relation to pleasure principle)
Structural model of personality
A
- Primary process thought: id creates a mental image that provides immediate satisfaction of the id impulses
- EX: in an infant - hunger instinct (falls within sexual instinct)
- Id seeks immediate gratification - if mother isn’t there to feed, infant will create a mental image of breastfeeding - which uplifts short-term gratification until actual feeding is available
7
Q
How does the ID create the ego?
Structural model of personality
A
- Generates psychic energy through tension with our instincts
- Mind harnesses this energy to create the ego
8
Q
How does the ego safely express the id drives/instincts?
Structural model of personality
A
the reality principle: that we must look to the constraints of reality to determine how to satisfy id impulses
9
Q
How does the ego build on/satisfy the reality principle?
Structural model of personality
A
- To do so, engages in secondary process thought: identifies an object in environment which matches the image created during primary process thought; “executive” pf personality)
- EX: in class, you have hunger emerge (sexual instinct) - ego can look for something similar to the primary process image (food-related), but knows that this isn’t realistic within an academic context
10
Q
When does the superego develop through life? How is it impacted?
Structural model of personality
A
develops through psychosexual stages, especially influenced by authority figures
11
Q
Superego - conscience:
Structural model of personality
A
contains prohibitions against behaviour that we’ve learned form our parents (their disapproval)
12
Q
Superego - what does conscience directly affect?
Structural model of personality
A
Ego ideal: information about behaviours that we should engage with (unachievable standards of perfection learned from parents)
13
Q
Contemporary psychoanalysis distinguishes two subcomponents of the unconscious:
Extra notes: Topographical model of the mind
Structural model of personality
A
- Dynamic unconscious: stores threatening information
- Nonconscious: stores non-threatening information
14
Q
Which of the three components of personality acts as the mediator/”referee”?
Extra notes: Structural model of personality
Structural model of personality
A
Ego’s job to manage the demands of the id, with the morals of the superego
15
Q
According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the stages of personality development?
A
Freud suggested 5 stages - AKA psychosexual development
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
16
Q
In each of the first 3 of the stages, we experience…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
…an unconscious conflict related to our need for sexual gratification
17
Q
In each of the 5 stages, we obtain…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
…sexual gratification through an erogenous zone that is the focus of attention
18
Q
Successful development occurs when…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
…we navigate through the 5 stages without fixation
19
Q
Fixation occurs when…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
…we do not resolve the unconscious conflict with a stage
20
Q
Fixation at different stages results in…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
the developments of diff personality types and character
21
Q
Fixation at one stage…
Psychoanalytic theory maintains that:
A
prevents successful resolution of the unconscious conflicts associated with subsequent stages
22
Q
Oral stage
Age, fixations lead to…
5 psychosexual stages
A
- 0-1.5 years
Fixations at the weaning stage can lead to:
Oral incorporative:
- Gullible, dependent, cheerful
- Associated with weaning - continuous focus on the mouth
- Continue to satisfy mouth urges: smoking, eating
- Also taking things in - gullible
Oral sadistic:
- Sarcastic, cynical, hostile, quarrelsome
- Biting behaviours: chewing on pencils, biting fingernails
23
Q
Anal stage
Age, fixations lead to…
5 psychosexual stages
A
- Age: 1.5-3 years
Fixations at the toilet training stage can lead to:
- Anal expulsive: Untidy, disorganized, hostile (like in oral sadistic), destructive
- Anal retentive: Stingy, stubborn, orderly, rigid, obsessive
24
Q
Phallic
Age, fixations lead to…
5 psychosexual stages
A
- Ages 3-5 years
- Fixations at the Oedipus/Electra complex stage can lead to: Oedipus complex, Electra complex
- Varies by sex, associated with poor moral development
25
Phallic - Oedipus complex:
| Age, fixations lead to...
## Footnote
5 psychosexual stages
* Boys experience a desire to achieve sexual union with their mother
* Perceive father as a rival who will retaliate against them through castration
26
How do boys move on from the Oedipus complex?
| Age, fixations lead to...
## Footnote
5 psychosexual stages
* **Castration anxiety:** forces boys to identify with their father
* Through identification with their father, boys resolve the conflict, internalize their values, and gain vicarious satisfaction of their sexual impulses towards their mother
* DEVELOPMENT OF SUPEREGO
27
Electra complex:
| Age, fixations lead to...
## Footnote
5 psychosexual stages
* Girls begin life with an attraction towards their mother
* Subsequently, **girls realize that they and their mother lack a penis and blame their mother for their deficiency**
* In response, girls shift their affection toward their father, developing a desire to achieve sexual union with him
* Through identification with their mother, girls resolve the conflict, internalize her values, and gain vicarious satisfaction of their sexual impulses towards their father
28
Failure to identify with same-sex parent, female > male
## Footnote
5 psychosexual stages
* Males: brash, aggressive, dominant, excessively concerned with vitality?
* Females: promiscuous, flirtatious, sarcastic, hostile
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30
Latency & Genital stages
| Age ranges
## Footnote
5 psychosexual stages
* Latency: 6-11 years
* Genital: puberty - adulthood
31
Psychoanalytic and Neo-analytic theories:
1. According to psychanalytic theory, what are the a) types of anxiety that we experience and b) defense mechanisms that we use to cope with anxiety
2. What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory?
3. What are contemporary applications of psychoanalytic theory, as proposed by Freud?
32
According to psychanalytic theory, what are the a) types of anxiety that we experience
Psychoanalytic theory exhibits 3 types of anxiety:
1. reality
2. neurotic
3. moral
33
What is the source and conflict for REALITY ANXIETY?
## Footnote
Psychoanalytic theory exhibits 3 types of anxiety:
* Source: Tangible, "real" dangers (EX: car accident)
* Conflict: Ego vs. constraints of external reality
34
What is the source and conflict for NEUROTIC Anxiety?
## Footnote
Psychoanalytic theory exhibits 3 types of anxiety:
* Source: Punishment for the expression of id impulses (EX: wanting to steal something you can't afford)
* Conflict: Between Id impulses vs ego not enabling impulses (as punishment)
35
What is the source and conflict for MORAL ANXIETY?
## Footnote
Psychoanalytic theory exhibits 3 types of anxiety:
* Source: Retaliation by the superego (i.e. one's conscience, guilt, and/or shame) (EX: fighting adultery - experience of guilt or shame)
* Conflict: Ego vs. superego
36
When anxiety is experienced, the ego may employ rational strategies (3):
* Remove itself from the threatening situation
* Inhibit the expression of id impulses
* And/or adhere to the moral codes of the conscience
HOWEVER, there are situations when rational strategies are not feasible in response to anxiety, the ego must employ irrational strategies or defense mechanisms
37
Defense mechanisms:
## Footnote
What are the defense mechanisms that we use to cope with anxiety?
* Involve distortion of reality
* Operate in the unconscious mind
38
What are the 9 defense mechanisms?
1. Denial
2. Repression
3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Intellectualization
6. Displacement
7. Reaction formation
8. Regression
9. Sublimination
39
Denial:
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...refuse to acknowledge threatening information
* EX: refuse to acknowledge evidence linked to smoking to mortality
40
Repression
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...shift threatening information to the unconscious; "motivated forgetting"
* EX: lack of memory of childhood sexual abuse
41
Projection
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* Attribute a threatening characteristic in oneself to other people
* EX: paranoia - projecting malicious intent to others, then in turn, respond to those others with suspicion - determined to think that others then pose a threat
42
Rationalization
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...create a seemingly logical explanation for shameful behaviour
* EX: justification for tax evasion
43
Intellectualization
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...think about threatening information in a cold, analytical manner; "isolation of affect"
* EX: development of a military strategy during conflict
44
Displacement
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* redirect in a manner that is the opposite of a threatening impulse; often exaggerated in form
* EX: child abuse
45
Reaction formation
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* react in a manner that is the opposite of a threatening impulse; often exaggerated in form
* EX: homophobia - straight, highly homophobic men showed more sexual arousal to homogenic to straight, less homophobic men
46
Regression
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...use of an immature pattern of gratification/coping
* EX: overeating in responds to stress (binge-eating?)
47
Sublimination
## Footnote
9 defense mechanisms
* ...express a threatening impulse through "noble" action
* EX: work of a surgeon
* Described as the most mature defense mechanisms (impulse -> valued action)
48
Correlations between defense mechanisms + self-esteem and anxiety
ADD?
49
Freud proposed a method to "restructure" personality:
* psychoanalytic (i.e. psychodynamic) therapy
* Among other goals, psychoanalytic therapy attempts to bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness, enabling "insight"
50
Techniques of psychoanalytic therapy:
1. free association
2. dream analysis
51
Free association
## Footnote
Techniques of psychoanalytic therapy
* Therapist sits behind the patient out of view, to avoid interfering with patient's emerging thoughts
* Patient says what ever comes to mind - "daydreaming out loud"
* An analyst interprets the material provided by the patient to identify unconscious conflicts
* Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts, allowing the patient to resolve them
52
Dream analyis
## Footnote
Techniques of psychoanalytic therapy
Patient recounts their dreams through free association
53
Dream analysis - Manifest content:
narrative of the dream as it is consciously remembered
54
Dream analysis - latent content
* ...memories, fantasies, forgotten events, unconscious conflicts that give rise to manifest content
* LATENT - MORE OF INTEREST TO THERAPIST
* Job of the psychoanalyst to determined what these unconscious conflicts are
55
Dream analysis - CYCLE:
Manifest content -> dream analysis -> latent content -> dream work
Continues to go in a circle (from dream work -> manifest content…)
56
4 mechanisms for dream work:
1. Condensation
2. Displacement
3. Symbolism
4. Secondary revision
57
Condensation
## Footnote
4 mechanisms for dream work:
...the unconscious compresses several latent elements into a single manifest image
58
Displacement
## Footnote
4 mechanisms for dream work:
...the unconscious shifts emphasis away from a threatening image to a relatively safe image
59
Symbolism
## Footnote
4 mechanisms for dream work:
...the unconscious uses a common and acceptable image to symbolize an unacceptable latent element (e.g. vagina is represented like an empty bottle, hollow box, cave
60
Secondary Revision
## Footnote
4 mechanisms for dream work:
...the unconscious synthesizes the disjointed images created through condensation, displacement, and symbolism into a coherent story)
61
How does an analyst interpret manifest content from the patient?
* Does so to identify unconscious
* Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts, allowing the patient to resolve them
62
What are some contemporary applications of psychoanalytic theory, as proposed by Freud
* Childhood and interpersonal relations
* Unconscious experience
* Psychological conflict
* Defense mechanisms (methods to "disavow" experience)
63
L3
64
According to psychosocial theory, what are the stages of personality development? How many are there?
Psychosocial theory identifies eight stages of personality development, also referred to as "psychosocial development"
1. Infancy
2. Early Childhood
3. Preschool
4. School age
5. Adolescence
6. Young adulthood
7. Adulthood
8. Old age
65
In contrast to psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory does not emphasize...
sexuality (OPPOSED TO PSYCHOSEXUAL); it emphasizes social factors
66
Psychosocial stage 1: Infancy
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **0-1 years**
* Crisis: **basic trust vs. mistrust**
* Successful resolution: infants develop confidence in their **caregivers to consistently meet their basic needs**
* Ego strength: **hope** (the enduring belief that one's needs, desires, and wishes be satisfied)
* HOPE EX: If a caregiver provides mistrust, we fail to develop that sense of hope - resulting in pessimism
67
Psychosocial stage 2: early childhood
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **2-3 years**
* Crisis: **autonomy vs. shame and doubt**
* Successful resolution: **toddlers acquire sense of independence stemming from their self control**
* Ego strength: **will** (the determination to exercise free choice as well as self-restraint)
68
Psychosocial stage 3: preschool
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **3-5**
* Crisis: **initiative vs. guilt**
* Successful resolution: young children feel like they can **take action to pursue their desires or urges**
* Ego strength: purpose (the courage to pursue valued goals without fear of punishment)
69
Psychosocial stage 4: school age
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **6-11**
* Crisis: **industry vs. inferiority**
* Successful resolution: **children feel that they can master tasks of the "tool world"** (i.e. tasks associated with the practical world-related world, including tasks at school
* EX: chores, also age where kids start roleplaying "house" or occupations
* Ego strength: **competence** (the belief that one has the dexterity and intelligence required t complete meaningful tasks)
70
Psychosocial stage 5: adolescence
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **12-20**
* Crisis: **identity vs. role confusion**
* Successful resolution: adolescents **develop an integrated and consistent self-view** (i.e. one that is seem similarly by oneself and others); Personal POV of self opposed to public/external POV of self
* Ego strength: **fidelity** (the ability to be true to oneself and to significant others despite contradictions in value systems across roles and relationships)
**THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STAGE TO Erikson: developing a fundamental sense of identity is CRUCIAL**
71
Psychosocial stage 6: young adulthood
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **21-35**
* Crisis: **intimacy vs. isolation**
* Successful resolution: young adults feel that they can **merge with another individual without losing their identity**
* Ego strength: **love** (a mutual devotion with another individual that is greater than any antagonism between the identities of each individual in the partnership)
72
Psychosocial stage 7: adulthood
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **36-60**
* Crisis: **generativity vs. stagnation**
* Successful resolution: adults feel that they are able to guide, nurture, and **contribute to the development of the next generation**
* Ego strength: **care** (a broad concern for others that extends beyond the narrowness of self-concern)
73
Psychosocial stage 8: old age
## Footnote
Age, Crisis, Successful Resolution, Ego Strength
* Age: **61-death**
* Crisis: **ego integrity vs. despair**
* Successful resolution: older adults feel a sense of **emotional integration or satisfaction with their choices and life experiences**
* Ego strength: **wisdom** (a detached but active concern with life in the face of death)
74
Attachment theory:
maintains that attachment styles develop among infants in response to the caregiving that they receive from their primary caretakers (e.g. parents)
75
What is "the strange situation"?
* Ainsworth developed the strange situation to assess attachment styles among infants
* Using the strange situation, Ainsworth identified three attachment styles among infants
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious
4. + discovered later - disorganized/disoriented
76
Secure
## Footnote
The Strange Situation
"normal" distress when the parent leaves, exhibits joy when parents return (66% of the infants)
77
Avoidant
## Footnote
The Strange Situation
little distress when the parent leaves, indifference when parent returns (20% of infants)
78
Anxious
## Footnote
The Strange Situation
extreme distress when parent leaves, ambivalent when parent returns (i.e. characterized by approach and rejection behaviours; 14% of infants)
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Disorganized/disoriented
## Footnote
The Strange Situation
odd and confused, displays no coherent pattern of coping
80
How can parenting affect attachment style development?
## Footnote
The Strange Situation
* Infants with a **secure attachment** style tend to have **responsive and affectionate parents**
* Infants with an "**insecure**" attachment style tend to have **unresponsive and unaffectionate parents**
* Infants with a **disorganized/disoriented attachment** style tend to have **fearful or abusive parents**
81
Bowlby theorized WHAT about infant relationships?
...that infant relationships produce produce "internal working models" for **adult relationships**
82
Internal working models:
## Footnote
Bowlby theorized that infant relationships produce "internal working models" for adult relationships
...unconscious expectations about relationships (schemas, representations of the self in relation to close others)
83
Consistent with Bowlby's theory, research has demonstrated 2 things:
* **A positive correlation between parent-infant attachment style and adult attachment styles**
* For most people, attachment classification in infancy corresponds to attachment classification in adulthood
84
Researchers have developed a self-report measure to assess attachment styles among adults:
1. Adult attachment questionnaire
2. Relationship questionnaire
85
Adult attachment questionnaire
Assess secure, avoidant, and anxious ambivalent attachment styles
86
Relationship questionnaire
* Assesses secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing attachment styles
* Based on the assumptions that the AAQ conflates two theoretically distinct forms of avoidance: fearful-avoidance and dismissing avoidance
87
Attachment styles as a function of model of self and model of other
## Footnote
What do the 4 cross-sections produce?
1. Secure
2. Dismissing
3. Preoccupied
4. Fearful
88
* Positive "model of other"
* Positive "model of self"
Secure
89
* Negative "model of other"
* Positive "model of self"
Dismissing
90
* Positive "model of other"
* Negative "model of self"
Preoccupied
91
* Negative "model of other"
* Negative "model of self"
Fearful
92
The four attachment styles reflect variation on two dimensions:
* attachment anxiety (model of self, + to -)
* attachment avoidance (model of other, + to -)
93
Adult attachment styles are associated with the 5 factor taxonomy
* Secure: **low neuroticism, high agreeablemess, high extraversion**
* Avoidant: **low agreeableness and extraversion**
* Anxious/ambivalent: **high neuroticism**
