Psycholing final prep Flashcards
(43 cards)
A word is a symbol for a?
object
Mental representation of what we know about a word is ? Includes phonological info, orthographic info, semantic info, morphological info, and grammatical info
lexical representation
1st words typically appear at what age?
12 months; either context bound or referential
Why isn’t Emma from Friends use of the word, “gleeba” considered a real word?
Emma said it once therefore her use of the word is not consistent and does not have some phonetic connection to the real world.
Children acquire their first 50 words by how many months?
18 months
Name the largest category of words obtained during the first 50words
Nominals - # of general nominals increases the MOST during this time
Why are nouns most prevalent in toddlers’ early lexicons?
Nouns are concrete. They are also placed at the beginning and ends of English utterances so they are heard more often.
A word only used in 1 context is an example of a what?
Context bound word
When a child says the word, “car,” every time he sees one, he demonstrates that the word car is context or referential?
referential
A child only calls his dog, “doggie,” serves as an example of what?
underextension
A child who calls every furry animal with 4 legs doggie demonstrates what phenomenon?
Overextension; can serve as an example of a context bound word
By 24 months, children usually have how many words expressively?
200-300
By age 3, children have how many words expressively?
900-1,000 words
By age 5, children have how many words?
2100 words
By age 12, children have acquired how many words?
12,000
What is the word spurt/word explosion/ naming explosion?
The idea that around 18months and 50 words have been acquired that children begin acquiring words at a much faster rate. If there is a word spurt, researchers believe it may be related to the naming insight (everything has a name) and improved phonological abilities
Which comes first - comprehension or production?
Comprehension
What word do children comprehend first?
Their name
Name some factors that are associated with children having larger vocabularies.
Children hear more speech from adults, hear more variation in the words and kinds of sentences adults use, hear words in more elaborative contexts, hear speech that is responsive to their own behavior, have better social skills (joint attn), have better phonological memory (memory for a sequence of sounds), are girls
Name some differences between referential and expressive learners:
Referential: vocab is dominated by content words (Moms spend more time teaching kids labels for objects), more likely to be offspring of college educated parents, kids use analytic approach to learning words
Expressive: have more function words and social expressions like “go away,” view things on a continuum, view things on a continuum
How do children learn when a word begins and ends?
Speech is continuous so there are few clear breaks among words; however, by 9 months, children track the statistics of segments and syllables. Children use rhythmic and phonotactic cues. Also, child directed speech (CDS) helps - utterances are shorter and so there are fewer words to find in each utterance. Exaggerated intonation and stress patterns highlight words
Whole object assumption
applies to entire object, not just part.
Mutual exclusivity
Different words refer to different things. Ex. child says tail and associates it with doggy
Taxonomic assumption
Word refers to things that are of the same category ex. birds
