Psycholinguistics lesson 5

Question 1

In production comprehension , the speaker has a message to _____, they _____ the message as words they encode the ____ as a _____.

Answer 1

send
encode
word
sound

Question 2

In ____ comprehension, the pressure changes in the air and the listener has to ____ the _____ into words and then decode the word into _____, so that they receive the message.

Answer 2

language
decode
sounds
meaning

Question 3

Why must the listener make sense of the auditory input?

Answer 3

In order to extract the message from the speech stream.

Question 4

Individual differences, dialects and coarticulation are _____ in the speech stream that the listener must _____to.

Answer 4

variability

adjust

Question 5

Like production comprehension, ____ comprehension is a highly _______ process.

Answer 5

Language

incremental

Question 6

In language comprehension, what is there a pressure to do?

Answer 6

There’s pressure to make sense of the input as soon as possible to free up resources to process what comes next.

Question 7

Language comprehension isn’t just a matter of recognising individual words- what else does it have to process?

Answer 7

It has to add and integrate the words spoken, into what has been heard and processed so far.

Question 8

Recognising words in speech involves ____ mental operations.

Answer 8

complex

Question 9

When is the spoken word usually recognised by the listener?

Answer 9

Whilst it is still being produced by the speaker.

Question 10

on what syllable do we start to process the word (100-150 ms from word onset)?

Answer 10

The end of the 1st syllable

Question 11

What process is the opposite of word recognition?

Answer 11

Word production

Question 12

How many stages are there in Word Recognition?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

Describe the first stage in word recognition.

Answer 13

Segment the speech stream to find the beginning of the word in the continuous acoustic signal.

Question 14

The 2nd stage in word recognition is to _______ the ______ in sequence and recognise a sequence of phonemes as a _____/ entry in our mental _____.

Answer 14

Process
sound/phonemes
word
lexicon

Question 15

What is the last stage in Word recognition?

Answer 15

To access the semantics (meaning) and syntax of the word in the mental lexicon.

Question 16

What is segmentation?

Answer 16

Finding the beginning of a word

Question 17

What are 2 strategies we use for segmentation?

Answer 17

1. stress position

2. implicit statistical knowledge about syllable sequences

Question 18

What syllable in English is most likely to be stressed?

Answer 18

the first syllable

Question 19

The probability that one syllable is followed by another is different for syllables ______ a word than for _______ _______ words. This is how we can distinguish the end of a word and the start of a new word :)

Answer 19

within

Syllables between

Question 20

Name the 2 main models for word recognition.

Answer 20

Cohort (marlsen-wilson 1987)

TRACE (mcCelland and Elman 1986)

Question 21

How many stages do both models assume?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

As sounds are produced ______;

1. _______ of a set of candidates or _____
2. ________ one among the candidates
3. _______ the chosen candidate with word ____ in the _____ _____ thus accessing the _____ and syntax of the word.

Answer 22

incrementally
Activation, cohorts
Choosing/selection
Mapping, entry, mental lexicon, semantics

Question 23

Marslen and Wilson created what model?

Answer 23

The Cohort Model

Question 24

In the cohort model, what type of input is there before the main stages?

Answer 24

A sensory Input

Question 25

The first stage in the cohort model is known as the ____ stage.

Answer 25

Access

Question 26

What representation is used to activate lexical items?

Answer 26

Perceptual Representation

Question 27

On the activation of lexical items what does this generate?

Answer 27

A candidate set of items/ the cohorts

Question 28

What happens at the selection stage?

Answer 28

The candidate is chosen from the cohort.

Question 29

In the selection stage- what information is used at this stage?

Answer 29

Syntactic and Semantic Information and CONTEXT

Question 30

In the last stage the properties of a word are utilised and the word is represented in terms of its entire utterance, name this stage.

Answer 30

Integration Stage

Question 31

Name a main property of the Cohort Model.

Answer 31

It is feed-forward so only flows in 1 direction

Question 32

What do Cohort members share?

Answer 32

Cohort members share the initial sound or sounds | eg. /s/, /sp/, /spi/

Question 33

If a word is said that begins with /s/- what happens (in terms of cohorts)

Answer 33

Every word in the lexicon beginning with /s/ is selected- this is called the initial set of candidates

Question 34

Over time what happens to the cohort members?

Answer 34

They are eliminated as more sounds are introduced eg. /s/ > /sp/ > /spi/

Question 35

What happens at the Cohort recognition point?

Answer 35

The word id identifies

Question 36

According to Cohort Model when does context only come in?

Answer 36

Context only comes in at the selection stage according to the Cohort model

Question 37

Before the selection stage both ______ appropriate and _____ candidates are considered.

Answer 37

Contextually | inappropriate

Question 38

From what experiments is there evidence of the Cohort Model?

Answer 38

From Eye-Tracking

Question 39

Dahan, Swingley, Tanenhous and Magnuson (2000), were French, what was the target word they used for their eye tracking experiment?

Answer 39

Bouton

Question 40

What types of distractors did they use?

Answer 40

Cohort Distractor eg. bouteille | Non-Cohort Distractors eg. chien and sac

Question 41

What was the result of ( tanenhous etc.) this experiment?

Answer 41

As participants heard bout, they looked more at the Cohort (phonologically related) distractor than the other distractors.

Question 42

In the Cohort Model, only ____ _____ information is used by the processor at the access stage when the ____ are constructed.

Answer 42

pure sound | cohorts

Question 43

Only after the ____ is selected in the Cohort Model is other information (syntactic, semantic, context etc.) used.

Answer 43

Target/ target cohort

Question 44

What was the problematic evidence for this model discovered by Dahan et. al (2000)?

Answer 44

That gender information (syntactic information) is used during the access stage when the cohorts are constructed.

Question 45

Allopena, Magnuson and Tanenhous (1998), used: target word=beaker cohort distractor=beetle non cohort distractor= speaker, carriage What was the result here as speaker and beaker aren't cohorts but rhyme?

Answer 45

On hearing "bea", particioants looked at cohort member "beetle" BUT ALSO participants looked more at "speaker" than "carriage".

Question 46

These two experiments are not consistent with the ____ model, as more than the initial sound is obviously accessed at the access stage.

Answer 46

Cohort

Question 47

The same ambiguous sound half way between /g/ and /k/, is perceived as a /k/ in the context "iss" and is perceived as a /g/ in the context "ift". Name this effect.

Answer 47

The Gangong Effect

Question 48

What does the Gangong Effect show?

Answer 48

It shows that lexical context, not just pure sound is used in the access stage.

Question 49

Phoneme restoration is further evidence against the _____ ____.

Answer 49

Cohort model.

Question 50

What is the interactive connectionist model for language comprehension called?

Answer 50

TRACE Model

Question 51

In the TRACE Model what way can information spread?

Answer 51

Information can spread forward as well as backwards between levels

Question 52

So in the TRACE not just ____ can influence the access stage.

Answer 52

sound/matching of initial sound

Question 53

In TRACE model what can influence the access stage and ultimately the selection of the correct candidate?

Answer 53

``` Lexical Information (syntax and semantics) eg. grammar Not just initial sound but the whole word sound eg. partially matching sounds can be accessed ```

Question 54

What can this model deal well with?

Answer 54

When the sound input is imperfect eg. noisy situations

Question 55

Name a type of impairment in word recognition.

Answer 55

Pure Word Deafness/ Auditory Verbal Agnosia

Question 56

What do people with auditory verbal agnosia/pure word deafness, have difficulty with?

Answer 56

They have difficulty segmenting the speech stream and processing phonemes.

Question 57

Patient RC (Klein and Harper 1956) showed normal ____ , he could _____, ____ and ____ however he could not understand ____ addressed to him.

Answer 57

hearing speak, read, write speech

Question 58

What did patient RC describe how he was hearing speech like?

Answer 58

Jumbled together like a foreign language (and far away)

Question 59

Where was RC's problem?

Answer 59

At the perception stage where the acoustic input is decoded into words.

Question 60

Typically individuals with pure word deafness have no problems ______.

Answer 60

reading

Question 61

Describe Dyslexia.

Answer 61

Dyslexia is the opposite of pure word deafness. They have problems recognising written words but have no problems recognising spoken words.

Question 62

What had dyslexia and Pure word deafness led to some researchers like Caramazza to postulate?

Answer 62

That there are separate lexicons for spoken and written words.

Question 63

So there is not only a separation between ____ and _____ but also separation between different types of _____ (spoken vs. written).

Answer 63

meaning form form

Question 64

Understanding spoken language requires: S_________ W______ R_______ I______________

Answer 64

Segmentation Word Recognition Integration

Question 65

Word Recognition involves: _____ ______ at the Access Stage Selecting words at the _____ stage. And finally the ______ of words.

Answer 65

Constructing Cohorts Selection stage/word recognition Integration

Question 66

Name the 2 main models of word recognition.

Answer 66

Cohort and TRACE

Question 67

Cohort is ____ whereas TRACE is _______.

Answer 67

feedforward | interactive

Question 68

What is the main difference between Cohort and TRACE models (apart from feedforward/iteractive)?

Answer 68

That in the TRACE model, cohorts are constructed using more than pure sound info.

Question 69

There are _____ lexicons for ____ and ____ words.

Answer 69

Separate spoken written