PSYCHOLODGY UNIT 2

Question 1

What is social cognitions

Answer 1

the way we behave in social settings and how we interpret the behaviour of others.

this also includes
1. social perception
2. social understanding
3. social decision making

Question 2

person perception

Answer 2

process by which people think about, appraise and evaluate other people. person perception leads us to make judgements about people based on limited information and there for isnt always accurate

Question 3

key concepts in person perception

Answer 3

physical cues- appearance, facial expression and overall manner serves as signals that allow us to draw conclusions about a person

saliency detection- the tendy to notice physical features that are unique, novel or stand out from the norm. we tend to spend longer looking at someone we perceive as saliency

social categorise - how we group individuals, eg sex, race, age

Question 4

attributions

Answer 4

process of assigning causes for our own behaviour, behaviour of others and events we witness

Question 5

internal dispositional factors - attributions

Answer 5

when a dispositional attrivuton is made the cause of the given behaviour is with in hte person. they can include variable like attitude, aptitude, charcter and personality

Question 6

external/situational factors - attributions

Answer 6

the cause of the given behaviour is assigned to the situation. the person responsible for the behaviour may assign casuality to the environment or weather

Question 7

fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

overestimating the personal causes for others behaviour while underestimating the situatinal causes

Question 8

self serving bias

Answer 8

attributing personal success to internal facotrs and personal failure to external factors

Question 9

attitudes

Answer 9

leanred ideas we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences. attitudes are not innate. they are learned through exposure to the environment and can cause a person to repson in a positive or negative way

Question 10

some examples of what attitudes can be formed against

Answer 10

1. death penalty
2. birth control
3. euthanasia
   4.global warning
4. pokie machines
5. co education
6. school uniform

Question 11

tri component model of attitudes

Answer 11

ABC
AFFECTIVE- emotional reactions or feelings of an individual has towards an object person group event or issue
BEHAVIOURAL- refers to the way which an attitude is expressed throuhg our actions
COGNITIVE - refers to beleifs we have about an object person group event or issue

Question 12

define stereotype

Answer 12

a widely held generalisation about a group of people. a cognitive process whereby a set of characteristic is attributed to all group members

Question 13

cogniative bias

Answer 13

systematic elyrror that occur in our decision making. cognitive biases occur when we attempt to simplify the information we are processing especially if we have to interpret quick

Question 14

halo affect

Answer 14

occures when the positive evaluation we hold about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations regarding other qualities of that person

Question 15

dunning kruger affect

Answer 15

occurs when people with low ability at a task overestimate their own skill set and that people with high ability at a task underestimate their own skill set

Question 16

heuristics

Answer 16

mental shortcuts used to make quicker and more efficent decisions. made with out quickly evaluating first

Question 17

positives of heuristics

Answer 17

1.They reduce cognitive load that is normally required in decision making

2.Snap judgements can be made that save time and mental effort

3.It simplifies complex information

4. Attention is directed toward the question, probable outcomes and plausible answers

Question 18

three types of heuristics

Answer 18

ARA
Availability- decisions based on what first come to mind or info that is readily available

Representatives- basing decisions on existing understanding of the world

Affect- decisions influenced by an emotional state

Question 19

prejudice

Answer 19

The negative preconceived notion that we hold towards individuals due to their membership in a particular group.
Prejudice leads to discrimination or the unequal treatment of people who should have the same rights as others.

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

The action of being prejudiced or treating others in an unfair manner based on the negative attitude held about that person or the group to which they belong.
Discrimination frequently prevents people from doing things they should have the opportunity to do.

Question 21

direct discrimination

Answer 21

A person or group is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics.

Question 22

indirect discrimination

Answer 22

An unreasonable rule or policy that is the same for everyone but has an unfair effect on a particular group.

Question 22

forms of discrimination

Answer 22

sexism
racism
agism

Question 23

reducing predjudice - ISSMEC

Answer 23

INTERGROUP CONTACT SUSTAINED CONTACT SUPERORDINATE GOALS MUTUAL INTERDEPENDENCE EQUALITY OF STATUS CHANGING SOCIAL NORMS

Question 24

Obedience

Answer 24

Obedience occurs when people change their behaviour in response to direct commands from others.

Question 25

factors that affect conformity

Answer 25

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE UNANIMITY GROUP SIZE DEINDIVIDUATION

Question 26

Social connections

Answer 26

The belief that we belong to a group and generally feel close to other people. Strong social connections have a beneficial effect on our mental health because they help foster empathy, higher self-esteem the development of trusting relationships

Question 27

independence

Answer 27

Independence occurs when an individual is aware of how the group expects them to behave or respond, but their decision-making is not swayed in any way by the expectations of the group.

Question 28

anti- conformity

Answer 28

Deliberate refusal to comply with social norms as demonstrated by ideas, beliefs or judgements that challenge these social norms

Question 29

devils advocate

Answer 29

The role of the devil's advocate is to actively argue against the points of group members, even if they share the same beliefs as the group members. They take the opposite position of the group members to encourage them to reflect on their positions and prevent them from hastily arriving at a solution without considering potential consequences.

Question 30

benefits of devils advocate

Answer 30

1. not constrained 2. can challenge group assumptions 3. challenge proprosed solutions 4. consider risk vs reward 5. prevent groupthink 6. encourage alternatives

Question 31

controlled processess

Answer 31

conscious, voluntary actions or cognitive processes that require a high level of attention and monitoring

Question 32

automatic processes

Answer 32

actions that require little conscious awareness or mental effort and do not interfere with performance on other activities

Question 33

sustained attention

Answer 33

also known as vigilance, involves maintaining a high degree of attention over a prolonged period

Question 35

selective attention

Answer 35

focusing on a single activity while disregarding other environmental stimuli

Question 36

perception

Answer 36

a psychological actviity that gives meaning to the stimuli our sense organs detect that help us understand the world

Question 36

divided attention

Answer 36

distributing attention to allow the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time

Question 37

bottom up processing

Answer 37

we receive sensory information and do not rely on prior experience to interpret it

Question 38

top down processing

Answer 38

brain starts with an overall idea about a stimulus and uses contect and general knowledge to fill in gaps

Question 38

visual perception

Answer 38

gives meaning to a visual stimulus. it involves selection organisation interpretation

Question 39

visual sensation

Answer 39

being aware of the visual stimulus. it involves reception transdcution and transmission

Question 40

depth perception

Answer 40

process of perceiving the world in three dimensions, despite the two dimensionals retinal image we receive

Question 41

binocular depth cues

Answer 41

requires the combined infromation from both eyes

Question 42

monocular depth cues

Answer 42

requires information from one eye only that is each eye can operate indepedntly of the other eye

Question 42

convergence

Answer 42

involves the brain detecting changed in muscle tensions in msucles surrounding the eye as the eyes turn inwards towards to focus on objects that are close

Question 43

retinal disparity

Answer 43

as our eyes are 6-7cm apart each retina receives a slightly different view of the visual image. the brain combines to the ideas