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psychological development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the psychology of growth, change and consistency through the lifespan

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2
Q

nature and nurture issue

A

how much weight do heredity and environment have on our development

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3
Q

continuity view of development

A

believes change is gradual

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4
Q

discontinuity view of development

A

believes that change is abrupt, occurs in stages

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5
Q

blank slate

A

idea that newborns are born with an empty brain and no abilities

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6
Q

newborn innate abilities

A

finding nourishment, interacting with others, and avoiding harmful situations

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7
Q

prenatal period

A

the 9 month developmental period before birth
(p is for same period as pregnancy)

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8
Q

infancy period

A

1 month to 18/24 months

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8
Q

neonatal period

A

birth to 1 month

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9
Q

during prenatal period..

A
  • genetic plan determines how organs begin to form
  • differentiation occurs which is when stem cells then begin to form into organs
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10
Q

teratogens

A

substances from the environmental that can damage a developing baby

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11
Q

placenta

A
  • forms as the zygotes outer cells attach to the uterine wall
  • transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
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12
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman heavy drinking

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13
Q

prenatal stages of development

A

zygote –> embryo –> fetus

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14
Q

during neonatal period…

A

babies are capable of responding to stimulation from all of their senses

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15
Q

during infancy period…

A

it’s a period of rapid development but is still heavily reliant on reflexive behavior

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16
Q

permanent reflexes

A

swallowing and blinking

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17
Q

moro reflex

A

the startle reflex

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17
Q

reflexes

A

a movement pattern triggered by a stimulus

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17
Q

neonatal reflexes

A

moro reflex
grasping reflex
rooting reflex
sucking reflex

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18
Q

critical period

A

optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

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18
Q

rooting reflex

A

a touch near mouth will trigger the newborn to move their mouth and head towards the touch

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18
Q

imprinting

A

a powerful attraction occurs between infants and first moving object or individual they spend time with

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19
Q

contact comfort

A

an infant’s need for physical closeness and touching

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20
Q

cupboard theory

A

infants become attached to those who provide the “cupboard” containing the food supply

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21
Q

secure attachment

A
  • confident that attachment figure will meet their needs
  • use as a safe base to explore environment
  • seek figure in times of distress
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22
Q

harlow’s monkeys

A

disproved cupboard theory because it showed infants need more than just food, they NEED contact comfort too

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23
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A
  • do not orientate to attachment figure when investigating environment
  • independent of figure physically and emotionally
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24
Q

insecure ambivalent attachment

A
  • clingy and dependent behavior
  • fails to develop feelings of security from the attachment figure
25
Q

authoritative parenting

A
  • parent is warm and attentive to child’s needs/interests
  • parent makes reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level
  • parent permits child’s to make decisions in accord with developmental readiness
26
Q

authoritarian parenting

A
  • parent is cold and rejecting
  • parent is highly demanding; may yell, command, and criticize
  • parent makes most decisions for child and doesn’t take input
26
Q

permissive parenting

A
  • parent is warm but may spoil the child
  • parent makes few or no demands
  • parent permits child to make decisions before the child is ready
27
Q

uninvolved parenting

A
  • parent emotionally detached, withdrawn and inattentive
  • parent makes few or no demands
  • is lacking in interest of the child
  • parent is indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view
28
Q

the association between certain parenting styles and certain childhood outcomes is just correlational. CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION

A
29
Q

piaget’s cognitive theory of development

A

discontinuous model that claims children will undergo a revolutionary change in thought at each stage

30
Q

piaget’s theory was based on

A
  • schemas
  • assimilation and accommodation
  • stages of cognitive development
31
Q

accommodation

A

process of restructuring or modifying schemas to incorporate new information

32
Q

assimilation

A

process that modifies new information to fit with existing schemas or what is already known

33
Q

Assimilation makes new information fit our existing view of the world. Accommodation changes our views to fit new information.

A
34
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

children mostly give reflexive responses with very little thinking involved

35
Q

changes during sensorimotor stage

A
  • object permanence –> the knowledge that objects exists independently of one’s own actions/awareness
  • mental representation –> ability to make mental images
36
Q

changes in preoperational stage

A
  • egocentrism –> self centered focus that causes children to see the world only in their own terms
  • irreversibility –> an inability to think though a series or steps and then reverse the course
  • animistic thinking –> believing inanimate objects have life and mental processes
  • centration –> focusing on one aspect of a situation and neglect others
  • pretend play
37
Q

preoperational stage

A

a stage marked by well developed mental representation and use of language

38
Q

concrete operational stage

A

child develops the abilities of irreversibility, conservation and mental operations

39
Q

changes during concrete operational stage

A

conservation –> the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
mental operation –> the ability to solve problems by manipulating images in one’s own mind

40
Q

formal operational stage

A

people begin to think about issues like being more accepted by peers

41
Q

formal operational structural properties

A

Hypothetical reasoning
Analogical/Abstract reasoning
Reflective abilities
Deductive reasoning

42
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to infer (understand) other’s mental states, and know they may be different than our own.

43
Q

Erik Erikson Theory of Psychosocial Development

A

identified 8 stages, with each bringing a new challenge. To move onto the next stage of life, the problem of the previous stage must successfully be coped with.

44
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

45
Q

Basic trust

A

child’s expectation that his needs would be met by caregivers and the world is a safe place

46
Q

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

A

toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities

47
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to plan/learn new skills

48
Q

Competence vs inferiority

A

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to asks or they feel inferior

49
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

50
Q

intimacy vs isolation

A

young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

51
Q

generativity vs stagnation

A

the middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually though family and work or they may feel a lack of purpose

52
Q

integrity vs despair

A

when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

53
Q

Kohlberg 6 stages of morality

A
  1. avoids punishment
  2. gain rewards
  3. gains approval/avoids disapproval
  4. rules and laws of society
  5. flexible tool / individual rights determine behavior
  6. abstract autonomous principle - taking the perspective of every person in the group who’s affect
54
Q

Kohlberg 3 levels of morality

A

preconventional morality
conventional morality
post conventional morality

55
Q

preconventional morality

A

morality that focuses on self interest. they obey rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

56
Q

conventional morality

A

morality that focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules because they’re the laws and rules

57
Q

postconventional morality

A

abstract reasoning of formal operational though and these actions are judged as “right” because they flow from people’s rights or from self defined ethical principles

58
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64
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ap psych (13 decks)

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