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psychological development Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the psychology of growth, change and consistency through the lifespan

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2
Q

nature and nurture issue

A

how much weight do heredity and environment have on our development

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3
Q

continuity view of development

A

believes change is gradual

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4
Q

discontinuity view of development

A

believes that change is abrupt, occurs in stages

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5
Q

blank slate

A

idea that newborns are born with an empty brain and no abilities

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6
Q

newborn innate abilities

A

finding nourishment, interacting with others, and avoiding harmful situations

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7
Q

prenatal period

A

the 9 month developmental period before birth
(p is for same period as pregnancy)

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8
Q

infancy period

A

1 month to 18/24 months

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8
Q

neonatal period

A

birth to 1 month

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9
Q

during prenatal period..

A
  • genetic plan determines how organs begin to form
  • differentiation occurs which is when stem cells then begin to form into organs
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10
Q

teratogens

A

substances from the environmental that can damage a developing baby

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11
Q

placenta

A
  • forms as the zygotes outer cells attach to the uterine wall
  • transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
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12
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman heavy drinking

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13
Q

prenatal stages of development

A

zygote –> embryo –> fetus

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14
Q

during neonatal period…

A

babies are capable of responding to stimulation from all of their senses

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15
Q

during infancy period…

A

it’s a period of rapid development but is still heavily reliant on reflexive behavior

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16
Q

permanent reflexes

A

swallowing and blinking

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17
Q

moro reflex

A

the startle reflex

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17
Q

reflexes

A

a movement pattern triggered by a stimulus

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17
Q

neonatal reflexes

A

moro reflex
grasping reflex
rooting reflex
sucking reflex

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18
Q

critical period

A

optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

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18
Q

rooting reflex

A

a touch near mouth will trigger the newborn to move their mouth and head towards the touch

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18
Q

imprinting

A

a powerful attraction occurs between infants and first moving object or individual they spend time with

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19
Q

contact comfort

A

an infant’s need for physical closeness and touching

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20
cupboard theory
infants become attached to those who provide the "cupboard" containing the food supply
21
secure attachment
- confident that attachment figure will meet their needs - use as a safe base to explore environment - seek figure in times of distress
22
harlow's monkeys
disproved cupboard theory because it showed infants need more than just food, they NEED contact comfort too
23
insecure avoidant attachment
- do not orientate to attachment figure when investigating environment - independent of figure physically and emotionally
24
insecure ambivalent attachment
- clingy and dependent behavior - fails to develop feelings of security from the attachment figure
25
authoritative parenting
- parent is warm and attentive to child's needs/interests - parent makes reasonable demands for the child's maturity level - parent permits child's to make decisions in accord with developmental readiness
26
authoritarian parenting
- parent is cold and rejecting - parent is highly demanding; may yell, command, and criticize - parent makes most decisions for child and doesn't take input
26
permissive parenting
- parent is warm but may spoil the child - parent makes few or no demands - parent permits child to make decisions before the child is ready
27
uninvolved parenting
- parent emotionally detached, withdrawn and inattentive - parent makes few or no demands - is lacking in interest of the child - parent is indifferent to child's decisions and point of view
28
the association between certain parenting styles and certain childhood outcomes is just correlational. CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION
29
piaget's cognitive theory of development
discontinuous model that claims children will undergo a revolutionary change in thought at each stage
30
piaget's theory was based on
- schemas - assimilation and accommodation - stages of cognitive development
31
accommodation
process of restructuring or modifying schemas to incorporate new information
32
assimilation
process that modifies new information to fit with existing schemas or what is already known
33
Assimilation makes new information fit our existing view of the world. Accommodation changes our views to fit new information.
34
sensorimotor stage
children mostly give reflexive responses with very little thinking involved
35
changes during sensorimotor stage
- object permanence --> the knowledge that objects exists independently of one's own actions/awareness - mental representation --> ability to make mental images
36
changes in preoperational stage
- egocentrism --> self centered focus that causes children to see the world only in their own terms - irreversibility --> an inability to think though a series or steps and then reverse the course - animistic thinking --> believing inanimate objects have life and mental processes - centration --> focusing on one aspect of a situation and neglect others - pretend play
37
preoperational stage
a stage marked by well developed mental representation and use of language
38
concrete operational stage
child develops the abilities of irreversibility, conservation and mental operations
39
changes during concrete operational stage
conservation --> the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape mental operation --> the ability to solve problems by manipulating images in one's own mind
40
formal operational stage
people begin to think about issues like being more accepted by peers
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formal operational structural properties
Hypothetical reasoning Analogical/Abstract reasoning Reflective abilities Deductive reasoning
42
theory of mind
the ability to infer (understand) other’s mental states, and know they may be different than our own.
43
Erik Erikson Theory of Psychosocial Development
identified 8 stages, with each bringing a new challenge. To move onto the next stage of life, the problem of the previous stage must successfully be coped with.
44
Trust vs Mistrust
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
45
Basic trust
child's expectation that his needs would be met by caregivers and the world is a safe place
46
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities
47
initiative vs guilt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to plan/learn new skills
48
Competence vs inferiority
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to asks or they feel inferior
49
identity vs role confusion
teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
50
intimacy vs isolation
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
51
generativity vs stagnation
the middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually though family and work or they may feel a lack of purpose
52
integrity vs despair
when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
53
Kohlberg 6 stages of morality
1. avoids punishment 2. gain rewards 3. gains approval/avoids disapproval 4. rules and laws of society 5. flexible tool / individual rights determine behavior 6. abstract autonomous principle - taking the perspective of every person in the group who's affect
54
Kohlberg 3 levels of morality
preconventional morality conventional morality post conventional morality
55
preconventional morality
morality that focuses on self interest. they obey rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards.
56
conventional morality
morality that focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules because they're the laws and rules
57
postconventional morality
abstract reasoning of formal operational though and these actions are judged as "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self defined ethical principles
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ap psych (13 decks)

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