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Psychology 2 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

psychological disorders

A

patterns of thoughts or behaviours that interfere with lives or cause suffering

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2
Q

relate the term “culture-bound” to psychological disorders

A

what we consider a disorder in our culture may actually be considered normal in another culture

  • > i.e. anorexia is more of a western concept
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3
Q

prevalence of psychological disorders in canadian

A
  • > 7 million of Canadians have mental health issue
  • > 51% of ppl experience MH issues in their life
  • > #1 most common is substance use
  • > #2 is anxiety
  • > #3 is depression
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4
Q

medical model of abnormal psychology

A

view abnormal behaviour as disease

  • > illness, disorder, pathology, diagnoses are used to explain mental problem
  • > relates abnormal behaviour to genetic and biological causes
  • your issues are more legitimate if you say all the symptoms of depression vs I’m really depressed rn*
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5
Q

how would we determine if behaviour is abnormal

A

we typically ask does the behaviour veer from average in society

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6
Q

maladaptive behaviour

A

is the behaviour harmful to self or others

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7
Q

emotional discomfort

A

does a person suffer or do those around them suffer

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8
Q

socially unacceptable behaviours

A

do the actions violate society’s norms? “at odds”

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9
Q

epidemiology

A

determine the distribution of mental r physical disorders in the population

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10
Q

prelavence

A

the % of ppl with the disorder

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11
Q

lifetime prevalence

A

% of population that have ever had the disorder

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12
Q

etiology

A

apparent cause of the disorder

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13
Q

prognosis

A

the forecast; how likely this is a lifelong issue/ what are we going to expect

  • > i.e. prognosis of extreme depression is suicide
  • > prognosis is rarely
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14
Q

incidence

A

the rate of new cases (per year/per month)

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15
Q

DSM-IV

A

a system for classifying disorders for diagnosis and treatment that psychologists and psychiatrist (MD with specialization in psych) use

- > Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: 5th edition

  • > lists 297 diagnostic categories
  • > does not attempt to address cause or treatment, just symptoms
  • > attempts to be as objective as possible
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16
Q

limitations to diagnoses

A
  • > many people don’t meet all criteria of diagnosis
  • > high rate of misdiagnosis (diagnostic clarity is distal goal) - > wrong medications, inappropriate treatment, medical records reflect that label
  • > prejudice and discrimination
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17
Q

major diagnostic classifications

A
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18
Q

percentage of those with a mental health related disability consider themselves housebound

A

24%

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19
Q

percentage of those with mental health related disabilities consider themselves disadvantaged in employment because of their condition

A

52%

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20
Q

male and female trends in seeking help

A
  • > women are more likely to report requiring counselling and support group services
  • > men are more likely to report requiring addiction services
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21
Q

anxiety disorders

A

a general state of uneasiness or dread that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger

  • > a problem when this happens all the time and is out of proportion of the situation
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22
Q

physical signs of anxiety disorders

A
  • > trembling, sweating, rapid HR, incr BP
  • > nervousness, inability to relax, concerns about losing control
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23
Q

types of anxiety disorders

A
  • > phobic disorder
  • > panic disorder
  • > generalized anxiety disorder
  • > OCD
  • > compulsive hoarding disorder
  • > PTSD
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24
Q

phobic disorder

A

persistent and excessive fear of some object, activity, situation that consistently leads a person to avoid it

  • > specific (i.e. animal, blood, storms, tunnels)
  • > social (i.e. public speaking)
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25
Q

panic disorders

A

recurrent, unpredictable, unprovoked onset of sudden intense anxiety

  • > 1/75 ppls have this disorder
  • > can last seconds-hours, no particular stimulus brings it on
  • > more acute than GAD
  • > initial attacks associated with stress
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26
Q

GAD

A

generalized anxiety disorder

  • > unrealistic, excessive, persistent worry
  • > “free-floating anxiety” or “anxious misery”
  • > chronic (persistent)

- > intense worry about everything, no clear insight into what is causing the anxiety

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27
Q

OCD

A

Obsessions

  • > unwanted thoughts or mental images that constantly intrude into awareness
  • often senseless, violence, disease, danger - “stove?”*

Compulsions

  • > repetitive, ritual behaviours; often involve checking and cleaning
  • > usually know obsessions and compulsions are irrational
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28
Q

compulsive hoarding syndrome

A

excessive collecting of items and inability to discard them

  • > creates cramped living conditions, with only narrow pathways through the clutter
  • > leads to limited interaction with others
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29
Q

PTSD

A

distressing feelings following a highly traumatic event (experienced or witnessed)

  • > response involves intense fear, helplessness or horror

Symptoms:

  • > flashbacks, nightmares, numbness of feeling, violence, increased tension and jumpiness
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30
Q

biological factors of anxiety disorders

A
  • > genetic predisposition
  • > anxiety sensitivity
  • > neurotransmitters
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31
Q

relate conditioning and learning to anxiety disorders

A
  • > we can aquire them through classical condition or observational learning
  • > they are maintained through operant conditioning

- > key:AVOIDANCE

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32
Q

cognitive factors that lead to/cause anxiety disorders

A
  • > misinterpret or over interpret harmless situations as threatening
  • > focus excessive attention on perceived threats

threat sensitive: selectively recall information that seems threatening

33
Q

how can stress lead to anxiety disorders

A

significant stress may cause onset of anxiety disorders

  • > i.e. panic disorder
34
Q

characteristics of dissociative disorders

A
  • > dissociation means to separate from consciousness or memory
  • > involves loss of identity
  • > controversial
  • > dissociation removes stress or lesses anxiety… escape
35
Q

dissociative amnesia

A
  • > a sudden loss of memory
  • > inability to recall important information
  • > often after a traumatic event
  • > may last few hours or several years; doesn’t really occur after the initial occurrence
  • > returns to normal with little notice
36
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A
  • > also know as multiple personality disorder
  • > two or more distinct personalities exist in one person
  • > history of severe child abuse (physical, sexual, or psychological) is common
37
Q

GID

A

gender identity disorder

38
Q

symptoms of GID in children

A
  • > disgusted by own body parts
  • > often rejected by peers, feels alone
  • > high depression or anxiety rates
  • > sat that they want to or will be different from the natal sex
39
Q

symptoms of GID in adults

A
  • > severe dysphoria regarding assigned gender
  • > dress like or live the life of the opposite sex
  • > feel alone; significant distress
  • > have depression or anxiety
40
Q

treatment of GID

A

counseling

hormonal therapy

  • > give them the hormones that correspond with the gender they were born with

sex reassignment surgery

  • > sex change
41
Q

somatoform disorders

A
  • > expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms
  • > this disorder is NOT intentional
  • > some cases go unreported because the focus is on medical tests
  • your brain is in distress and produces physical symptoms*
42
Q

conversion disorders

A
  • > experience a change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body with no medical reason (i.e. loss sight or paralysis due to stress)
  • > some ppl are notably unconcerned about these symptoms
43
Q

hypochondriasis

A

also known as hypochondria

  • > unrealistic preoccupation with the feat they have a serious disease
  • > some ppl will see several doctors until one gives them any form of treatment
44
Q

factors that contribute to the formation of somatoform disorders

A

Reactive ANS

  • > genetic factors do not appear to contribute to development

Personality factors

  • > histrionic and neurotic personalities

Cognitive factors

  • > over-interpret minor bodily changes or complains

The sick role

  • > if a
45
Q

impulse control disorders

A
  • > defined primarily by loss of control
  • > inability to resist impulse to perform an action that is harmful to one’s self or others or causes distress
  • > i.e. uncontrollable urge to go on gambling app
46
Q

intermittent explosive disorder

A
  • > inability to control violent impulses
  • > results in serious damage to ppl or property
  • > degree of aggressiveness is not in proportion to cause
47
Q

trichotillomania

A
  • > hair loss caused by compulsive pulling or twisting of the hair until it breaks off
  • > sense of relief, pleasure, or gratification after the hair pulling
  • > usually seen in children
48
Q

kleptomania

A
  • > compulsive stealing of items that aren’t needed
  • > usually a feeling of tension before stealing
  • > sense of pleasure at the time of the theft
49
Q

pathological gambling

A
  • > uncontrollable impulse to gamble
  • > often results in disrupted relations, financial problems, and/or criminal behaviour
  • > obsessed with gambling and need to increase the amount of money gambled to experience the same rush
50
Q

pyromania

A
  • > setting fires for pleasure
  • > significant fascination with fire
  • > sense of relief or gratification from the experience
51
Q

treatment of impulse control disorders

A

some of the disorders are helped by behaviour therapy

  • > reduce stress and help the patient develop other habits

there may also be a neurological explanation

  • > treat with anti depressants
52
Q

mood disorders

A

mood changes refers to being “up” or “down” depending on life experiences

  • > becomes a disorder when changes are extreme, inappropriate, or inconsistent
53
Q

major depression

A
  • > one of the most common disorders (over 100 million worldwide)
  • > a person must have five of the nine symptoms which must occur every day for two weeks
54
Q

bipolar disorder

A

also know as manic depression

  • > characterized by draumatic ups and downs; changes quickly for no reason at all
  • > depressive characteristics are the same as major depression

- > just need 1+ episode of mania ever (how it differs from maj depr)

55
Q

5 characteristics of the manic stage of bipolar disorder

A
  • > inflated self-esteem
  • > inability to sit still or sleep
  • > racing thoughts/ideas
  • > pressure to talk to switch topics
  • > difficulty concentrating
56
Q

season affective disorder

A
  • > experience recurrent depressive episodes in a season pattern
  • > believed to be related to decreased light exposure in winter
  • > newer research looking into temperature’s impact
57
Q

postpartum depression

A

better term: peripartum depression (during preg. or after baby arrives)

  • > <70% of new mothers experience “baby blues” (short lasting condition) that lasts a week or two
  • > peripartum depression is different: emotionally and physically debilitating
  • > may continue for months or more
  • > father can experience it too
58
Q

gender difference in suicide

A

women are 3x more likely to attempt

men are 4x more likely to complete suicide

59
Q

suicide prevention

A

there is no guarantee to prevent suicide, can only reduce risk

  • > take suicide talk seriously
  • > provide empathy and support
  • > identify problems
  • > make no promises (i.e. keep it a secret)
  • > stay with individual (acute crisis)
  • > consult a professional
60
Q

what are the interpersonal roots of a person contemplating suicide

A
  • > conflicts with others that leads to frequent rejection
  • > poor social skills; few reinforcers; isolation
  • > precipitating stress
61
Q

biological, psychological, cognitive views/explanation for suicide

A

Psych

  • > learned helplessness
  • > pessimistic

Bio

  • > heredity
  • > a chemical imbalance; due to low levels of seratonin

Cognitive factors

  • > beck: negative view of self, world, future
  • > negative automatic thoughts (NAT’s)
62
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • > most serious disorder; very rare
  • > characterized by a loss of contact with reality
  • > can develop gradually or very quickly
  • > worsens over time and difficult to treat
  • > 20% of schizophrenia will attempt suicide
  • > starts at 18-25
63
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

positive in the sense as they are a colourful expression of our behaviour compared to the loss of behaviour

hallucinations

  • > sensory perceptions in absence of real stimulus

Delusions

  • > false beliefs

Irrational thought

  • > organization: skip around
  • > content: repetition
  • > word salad
64
Q

etiology of schizophrenia

A
  • > structural abnormalities in the brain
  • > the neurodevelopmental hypotheses
  • > expressed emotion
  • > precipitating stress
  • > viral infection during infancy
65
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • > social withdrawal
  • > disturbed or flat affect
  • > apathy
  • > poor attention
66
Q

prognostic factors of schizophrenia

A
  • > onset is sudden
  • > onset occurs later
  • > good social and work adjustment prior to onset
  • > few negative symptoms
  • > good social support system

prognosis = predicting

67
Q

4 subtypes of schizophrenia

A

Paranoid type

  • > delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur

Catatonic type

  • > striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity

Disorganized type

  • > a particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behaviour (i.e. unable to bath, brush your teeth; laughing when things are sad)

Undifferentiated type

  • > don’t necessarily fit into one of theses subtypes; still schizophrenic
68
Q

DSM’s cluster of personailty disorders

A

people with a personality disorder are often….

Odd or eccentric

Dramatic, emotional or erratic

Anxious or fearful

69
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

people are..

  • > distrustful and suspicious
  • > belief without reason that others are trying to exploit, harm, or deceive them
  • > belief in hidden messages
  • > unforgiving, grudge holding
70
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A
  • related to schizophrenics*
  • > limited range of emotion (experience, expression)
  • > indifferent to social relationships
  • > prefer to be alone
71
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

Peculiarities of thinking

  • > odd beliefs (i.e. telepathy, magical powers)

Eccentricities of appearance, behaviour, style, thought

72
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A
  • > lack of regard for moral or legal standards (no conscience, can fake it)
  • > inability to get along with others or abide by societal rules/laws
  • > “psychopaths” or “sociopaths”
  • > show disregard for others
  • > no guilt or remoure
73
Q

borderline personality disorder

A
  • > extreme instability of emotions and self image
  • > intense unstable relationships
  • > impulsivity; rage/outbursts
  • > intense fear of abandonment
  • > crave reassurement; can’t take rejection
  • > over-share; clingy; then dump
74
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

Overly dramatic and attention seeking

  • > exaggerated or inappropriate emotional display
  • > theatrical
  • > unusual clothing hairstyle, make-up

overly concerned with physical appearance

  • > uncomfortable when they are not the centre of attention
75
Q

explaination for personality disorders

A
  • > not clearly explained until the 1980s
  • > were rejected by adults as children, severely punished
  • > reinforced negative behaviours
  • > genetics
76
Q

narcissistic

A

Fantasy of grandiosity

  • > need to be admired
  • > inability to see other’s viewpoints
  • > interpret everything as reflecting their superiority

disturbed relationship because of lack of empathy

hypersensitive to opinions of other, especially criticism

  • > hyper-reactive to criticism; hold grudges and gets even
77
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A
  • > social inhibition
  • > feelings of inadequacy
  • > extremely sensitive to criticism (withdraw, shit down)
78
Q

dependant personality disorder

A
  • > extreme need of others

*unable to make decisions or stand up on their own

  • > fear of separation
  • > submissive behaviour
  • > lack self-confidence
79
Q

obsessive compulsive PERSONALITY disorder

A
  • > characterized by being inflexible and perfectionism (high level need to do anything your way, has to be done their way)
  • > no actual compulsions or obsessions

Psychology 2 (8 decks)

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