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Psychological Disorders MCQs > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How is PDD defined by the DSM-5?

A

Mild, chronic depression for 2 years or more without remission for more than 2 months.

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2
Q

How long must symptoms be expressed for in MDD?

A

2 weeks

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3
Q

What are the four common features in defining abnormal psychology?

A

Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger.

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4
Q

The family resemblances approach to psychological abnormality is defined by statistical infrequencies in…?

A

Unexpectedness of response, norms violation, personal distress, disabling.

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5
Q

What are the five models of mental disorder (that contribute to Tyrer & Steinberg’s integrated model)?

A

Biological, Behavioural, Cognitive, Psychoanalytic, and Social.

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6
Q

Are the behavioural and cognitive models considered to be good or bad explanatory models for mental disorder?

A

They are considered poor explanatory models. e.g. for the cognitive model, does negative thinking cause the disorder or is it the other way around?

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7
Q

What is transferance?

A

Important feelings of a patient manifesting as emotional reactions to therapist. A central tenet of the psychoanalytic model of mental disorder.

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8
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is learning through association (e.g. Pavlov’s dog), whereas operant conditioning is learning through consequences (e.g. Skinner’s reinforcers and punishers).

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9
Q

What are the most influential social factors on mental disorder, according to the social model?

A

Social class, occupational status, and social role.

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10
Q

How is the stress-vulnerability model defined?

A

Predisposition to mental disorder (on any level within integrated model) is triggered by environmental or life disturbance.

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11
Q

The behavioural approach towards depression describes an issue in…?

A

Learned helplessness- failure to learn that responding can be successful, as responding has not been successful in the past. Perceived uncontrollability of aversive stimuli.

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12
Q

Operant and classical conditioning are treatments within which approach to depression?

A

Behavioural.

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13
Q

What are the 3 attributes contributing to learned helplessness in the cognitive approach?

A
  • Internal (inherent personal failing)
  • Stable (will persist over time)
  • Global (will persist over different situations)
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14
Q

What is the negative cognitive triad?

A

Pessimistic views of self, world and future, that are rooted in childhood schemata. Described by Aaron Beck’s Depressive Attributional Style.

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of CBT for depression?

A
  1. Educate (relationships between cognition, emotion and behaviour)
  2. Behavioural activation/Pleasant event scheduling (increase engagement and activity)
  3. Cognitive rehearsal (develop/practice cognitive and behavioural coping strategies)
  4. Behavioural hypothesis testing (test the validity of negative assumptions)
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16
Q

Depression rooted in early losses and ambivalent feelings, resulting in dependency and a sense of helplessness, is the view of which approach?

A

Psychoanalytic.

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17
Q

Which of these is not a risk factor for depression in women as described by the social approach:

  1. Sleep disturbance
  2. 3 or more young children
  3. No serious religious commitment
  4. Unsupportive relationship with spouse
A
  1. Sleep disturbance. This is a somatic symptom of depression.
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18
Q

Which of these is not an anxiety disorder according to the DSM-5?

  1. Selective Mutism
  2. Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  3. Panic Disorder
  4. Agoraphobia
A
  1. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (it is under the category of ‘OCD & Related Disorders’)
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19
Q

For how long must diffuse anxiety be present before someone can be diagnosed with GAD?

A

3 months

20
Q

> 1 month of persistent concern about panic attacks, or significant maladaptive change in relation to attacks, is a sign of which anxiety disorder?

A

Panic Disorder

21
Q

The DSM-5 has separated OCD from the anxiety disorder category. In what way might anxiety be considered in OCD?

A

Anxiety inferred: anxiety may not be experienced by the patient but may be concluded as an underlying feature that explains the symptoms.

22
Q

What is the difference between obsession and compulsion?

A

Obsession is intrusive, recurring thoughts, images or urges, whereas compulsion is the irresistible impulse to engage in a behaviour.

23
Q

Which behavioural treatment may be described as learned relaxation and increased exposure to a stimulus whilst maintaining a relaxed state? (Wolpe, 1958)

A

Systematic Desensitisation

24
Q

Some phobias may not be based on trauma and therefore can not be explained through classical conditioning. What theory does Seligman (1971) use to explain this?

A

Preparedness theory: some phobias are ancestral, having been learnt through classical conditioning in previous generations. There must, therefore, be an element of cognitive change.

25
Q

How does CBT differ from systematic desensitisation?

A

CBT involves making a new cognitive link between behaviour and sensations experienced, where as systematic desensitisation simply involves changing a behaviour in response to a stimulus.

26
Q

According to the psychoanalytic approach, OCD is a result of fixation at which psychosexual stage?

A

The anal stage- it is about control.

27
Q

Which study, based on the social approach to anxiety disorders, said:

  • conflict populations are 60% more likely to report anxiety
  • people on low income are more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder
A

Baxter et al, 2013.

28
Q

According to the integrative hierarchical model (Huppert, 2009; Mineka et al, 1998), what percentage comorbidity exists between anxiety and depression?

A

20-40%

29
Q

The Tripartite Model (Watson & Clark, 1991) explains the comorbidity between anxiety and depression by dividing symptoms in to which 3 categories?

A
  • Negative affect: common to both A & D
  • Positive affect: low +ve affect is anhedonia and so if present can distinguish depression from anxiety
  • Physiological hyperarousal: increased sympathetic activity in response to threat, which is unique to anxiety.
30
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Loss of touch with consensual reality

31
Q

How does Bleuler (1915) describe positive, and negative symptoms of mental health?

A

Positive: excesses and distortions
Negative: behavioural deficits

32
Q

What is catatonia?

A

A psychomotor symptom of mental health: abnormality of movement/behaviour due to disturbed mental state, e.g. strange positioning and repetitive movements

33
Q

How is schizophrenia diagnosed?

A
  • Rule out mood/substance-induced/organic disorders
  • Present for >6 months
  • At least one core positive symptom (delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech)
  • At least two symptoms for at least 1 month
34
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

Schizophrenic symptoms for between 1 and 6 months.

35
Q

At least 2 weeks of psychosis that is mood-disorder free, as well as previous episodes of mood disorder, is called…?

A

Schizoaffective disorder.

36
Q

Which study on schizophrenia states:

  • 20-50% of patients will significantly improve.
  • It is the 5th/6th leading cause of disability in men/women, respectively.
  • Life expectancy is 12-15 years less than average.
A

Galderisi, 2013.

37
Q

What is the cognitive deficits approach to schizophrenia? (Rosenfarb et al 2000).

A

(Biological) impairments in perception, memory and attention make it hard to cope with environmental stress.

38
Q

What is the cognitive biases approach to schizophrenia?

A

Traumatic childhood events affect information interpretation in later life e.g. verbal hallucinations result from difficulty in distinguishing between internal thoughts and external voices.

39
Q

What are delusions? (Freeman & Garety, 2004).

A

Attempts to explain experiences e.g. internal feelings of significance leading to delusions of grandeur.

40
Q

How do token economy programmes treat schizophrenia?

A

Reduce expression of symptoms through operant conditioning (Ayllon & Michael, 1959). They are effective but not generalisable or lasting (Benton & Schroeder, 1990).

41
Q

Why did Freud not agree with psychoanalytic treatment for schizophrenia?

A

It would involve increasing the patients insight in to the meaning behind their symptoms, effectively making them accept that they are mad, which is highly stigmatising and potentially damaging.

42
Q

True or false: Gottdeiner (2006) meta-analysis found 67% improvement in schizophrenia with psychodynamic treatment compared to 34% in controls.

A

True.

43
Q

What is Milieu Therapy?

A

Community care and therapeutic communities.

44
Q

What is social selection theory?

A

Poverty not causal in schizophrenia (sociogenic) but a diagnosis of schizophrenia will cause you to move down in socioeconomic status. (Fox, 1990)

45
Q

How is the stress-vulnerability model applied to schizophrenia?

A

Problems develop in vulnerable people following environmental stress, such as urban upbringing and migration (Tost & Meyer-Lindenberg, 2012). It is an accumulation of facets which define an individual as different from their surroundings.

Psychological Disorders MCQs (2 decks)

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