psychological disorders

Question 1

judgement of abnormality - social construct 3D’s

Answer 1

distressing
dysfunctional
deviant

Question 2

prevalence of mental disorder in canada

Answer 2

1/5 canadians suffers currently from disorder in life

Question 3

vulnerability stress model

-vulnerability factors (examples) interact with stressors (examples) to produce psychological disorders.

Answer 3

vulnerability factors = 
- genetic factors
biological characteristics
psychological traits
previous maladaptive learning
low social support

stressors = 
economic adversity
environmental trauma
interpersonal stresses or losses
occupational setbacks or demands

Question 4

DSM-5

Answer 4

detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis.
five axies / dimension.
axis 1: clinical symptoms -
axis 2: developmental and personality disorders
axis 3: physical conditions
axis 4: severity of psychosocial stressors
axis 5: highest level of functioning.

Question 5

DSM-5: axis 1: clinical symptoms

Answer 5

diagnosis

Question 6

DSM-5: axis 2: developmental and personality disorders

Answer 6

autism, mental retardation
personality disorders.
long lasting and encompass way of interacting with the world.
often comorbid = multiple diagnoses

Question 7

DSM-5: axis 3 : physical conditions

Answer 7

brain injury, HIV/AIDS,result in symptoms of mental illness

Question 8

DMS-5: axis 4: severity of psychosocial stressors

Answer 8

death of a loved one, starting new job, college, unemployment, marriage

Question 9

DSM-5: axis 5: highest level of functioning

Answer 9

level of functioning both at present time & highest level within previous year

Question 10

anxiety

• not related to?
• response?

Answer 10

usually not related to strong real threat.

frequency and intensity of responses out of proportion to situations

Question 11

anxiety - phobic disorders

ex of phobia disorders most common in western society

Answer 11

1. strong irrational fears of objects or situations.
2. seldom go away on their own - can intensify over time.
   most common:
   - agoraphobia: open spaces, public places
   - social phobias
   specific animals, objects

Question 12

generalized anxiety disorder

video:

Answer 12

state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety.
not tied to specific situation/condition.
feeling of something is going to happen, but dont know what.
video: minor stressor really affected. intense worry, interferes w day-to-day.

Question 13

anxiety - panic disorder

Answer 13

occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense

may occur with or without agoraphobia

Question 14

anxiety - obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 14

obsessions (cognitive component) - repetitive & unwelcome thoughts

compulsions (behavioural component)
repetitive behavioural responses

Question 15

anxiety disorder causes

Answer 15

biological factors - genetics ; GABA reduces neural activity in key areas. low levels may cause highly reactive nervous systems

• gender differences: females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males. differences emerge as early as 7YOA. maybe beacuse less power and personal control for women.
• cognitive explanations: maladaptive thoughts and beliefs. things appraised “catastrophically”
• classical conditioning: associating an object or situation with pain or trauma.

Question 16

panic attack

Answer 16

process in which normal manifestations of anxiety are appraised catastrophically, ultimately resulting in full-blown panic attack.
physiological responses + “I’m going to die” = panic attack

Question 17

Eating disorders

- anorexia nervosa

Answer 17

• intense fear of being fat. potentially life threatening. 90% are female.
  symptoms: severely restricted food intake

Question 18

eating disorder - bulimia nervosa

Answer 18

bing & purge

Question 19

eating disorder causes

Answer 19

environmental, psychological, biological.

- common in industrialized cultures (beauty = thin)

Question 20

Mood affective disorders
clinical depression
1. major depression
2. dysthymia
3.

Answer 20

frquency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation
- cannot suppress negative thoughts.

1. strongly negative mood for at least 2 weeks. cant function
2. chronic disruption of mood, less strong than depression
3. bipolar depression - depression alternated with mania. manic state = euphoric, gradiose cognitions, rapid speech

Question 21

symptoms of clinical depression

Answer 21

emotional (misery, hopeless)
cognitive ( negative cognitions)
motivational ( loss of interest, lack of drive)
somatic symptoms ( loss of appetite, lack of energy)

Question 22

depressive cognitive triad

Answer 22

negative thoughts concerning

• the world
• oneself
• the future

Question 23

depressive attributional pattern

Answer 23

success = factors outside self

negative outcomes = personal factors

Question 24

suicide
motives:
warning signs

Answer 24

willfully taking one’s life

1. desire to end one’s life - depression & hopeless
2. manipulation of others - parasuicides - cries for help.

warning: verbal/behavioural threat to kill self; previous attempts; detailed plan

Question 25

somatoform disorders

Answer 25

no known biological cause

Question 26

hypochondriasis

Answer 26

somatoform disorder - unduly alarmed about having an illness. 1. may not have it 2. might me too much concern for actual disease. = exaggerated perception of illness

Question 27

pain disorder

Answer 27

somatoform disorder | - pain reaction out of proportion with physical causes

Question 28

conversion disorder

Answer 28

somatoform disorder - sudden neurological problems that do not follow actual brain processing - brain active in sensory/visual areas, but patients can't perceive.

Question 29

dissociative disorders - psychogenic amnesia

Answer 29

selective memory loss following trauma | psychologically forget, repress (freud)

Question 30

dissociative disorder - psychogenic fugue

Answer 30

loss of all personal identity, wanders away and establishes new life. -strong amnesia. usually from traumatic event, suppresses and re-establishes elsewhere

Question 31

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) trauma-dissociation theory

Answer 31

2 or more separate personalities - pick up new personality (usually from traumatic event in childhood) - each identity is unique. own identity, memories, ideas, thoughts. -DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood

Question 32

schizophrenia | possible disturbances

Answer 32

split-mind 1. thinking: delusions = false beliefs 2. speech: disorganized; strange words 3. hallucinations - false perceptions - distancing from reality 4. emotion: blunted affect (unreactional); inappropriate effect (laughing in response to nothing)

Question 33

schizophrenia- 2 main categories

Answer 33

type 1 = positive symptoms - delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought. more positive outcomes; more active perceptions. type 2= negative symptoms - absence of normal reactions. lack emotion, expression, motivation. harder to treat. lack ability to do things.

Question 34

schizophrenia - affect in population

Answer 34

``` 1% of population affected. equal # of males/females 10% permanently impaired 65% intermittent periods of functioning. 25% recover ```

Question 35

schizophrenia - negative symptoms vs positive symptoms

Answer 35

negative - long history of poor functioning. poor recovery positive - history of good functioning; better prognosis

Question 36

schizophrenia: factors

Answer 36

stressful life events | famiily factors - criticism, hostility, over-involvement

Question 37

personality disorders: explain | 3 clusters of disorders

Answer 37

stable, ingrained, inflexible & maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, behaving - not due to other mental disorder - more difficult to treat because integrated in a person. cluster A: odd/eccentric behaviour B: dramaic & erratic behaviours C: anxiety & fearful behaviours - more about how they see the world and how they deal with it.

Question 38

cluster A - odd and eccentric behaviours 1. paranoid personality disorder 2. schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 38

1. pattern of pervasive distrust of others, leading to problems with forming relationships. reported good well-being. hard to diagnose 2. eccentricities in appearance, behaviour, speech. unusually congnitive and perceptual distortions, discomfort in social relationships. - less severe than schizophrenia. break norms, odd ways to go about world.

Question 39

cluster B - dramatic and erratic behaviours 1. narcissistic personality disorder 2. antisocial personality disorder 3. borderline personality disorder

Answer 39

1. extreme feeling of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others. 2. strong unconcern for the feelings of others. often disregards social rules and obligations. nice on the outside, doing horrible things beneath the surface. 3. instability in behaviour, emotion, identity. emotional dysregulation (inability to control negative emotions). impulsive behavior. intense and unstable personal relationships. parasuicides

Question 40

antisocial personality disorder - male: female ratio characteristics

Answer 40

3:1 male to female ratio lack conscience, fail to respond to punishment, charming and manipulative

Question 41

borderline personality disorders explain impulsive, unstable relationsips defense mechanism causes video:

Answer 41

impulsive = running away; unstable relationships = anger, loneliness, emptiness. defence mechanism = splitting - all good or all bad. causes: chaotic personal histories treated poorly - abusive, rejecting, non-affirming parents. characteristic feature: frantic attempts to avoid abandonment - suicice, expensive gift. different brains - born with emotional sensitivity, and difficulty controlling emotions.

Question 42

cluster C : anxiety and fearful behaviours 1. avoidant personality disorder 2. dependent personality disorder

Answer 42

related to overblown anxiety. in personality and hot to deal with world. 1. beliefs of social ineptness, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluations. restrained even in intimate relationships 2. excessive need to be looked after. see self as inadequate, helpless

Question 43

cluster c: anxiety and fearful behaviours | 2 disorder

Answer 43

1. anxiety personality | 2. dependent personality

Question 44

cluster b: dramatic and erratic behaviour

Answer 44

1. narcissistic personality disorder 2. antisocial personality disorder 3. borderline personality disorder

Question 45

cluster A: odd and eccentric behaviours

Answer 45

1. paranoid personality disorder. | 2. schizotypal personality disorder

Question 46

the big 5 and personality disorders

Answer 46

1. borderline personality disorder = lack of stability in relationships, unstable self-image, emotional responses = high N, low A, low C 2. narcissistic: self-importance, admiration, lack of empath = low A, high N

Question 47

childhood disorders - how many kids diagnosed. - 2 receiving attention

Answer 47

20% of kids aged 2-5 diagnosed with DSM disorder. - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - autism

Question 48

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 48

1. attentional difficulties: difficult to focus. | 2. hyperactivity-impulsivity: issue w self regulation.

Question 49

autism - sex is affects more? social deficits? * seeing other's views * false belief task/theory of mind.

Answer 49

``` affects males more than females social deficits: 1. poor communication 2. lack of social responsiveness 3. repetitive and stereotyped behaviours 4. some exhibit savant abilities ``` * difficulty understanding other peoples views. * tend to fail false belief task = theory of mind

Question 50

autism: causal factors

Answer 50

1. biological basis - brains are larger by 5-10%. abnormal development in cerebellu, 2. genetic factors - may be 4-6 major genes. 20-30 others involved

Question 51

effects of labelling 1. social & personal 2. stigma

Answer 51

1. too easy to accept label as description of individual. accept new identity implied by label. develop expected role and outlook. 2. beliefs about mental health sometimes prevent their acknowledgement

Question 52

legal consequences - when considered dangerous legal concepts

Answer 52

involuntary commitment loss of civil rights indefinite detainment competency (held until better) - state of mind at time of judicial hearing insanity (held in mental hospital for charge) - state of mind at time crime was committed, tends not to work.

Question 53

difference between insanity and mental illness

Answer 53

legally insane: 3 conditions= 1. mental illness such that what they did, they didn't know it was illegal 2. didnt know what they were doing at all. 3. compelled to do it by irresistible force intent - intentionally commit a crime to be guilty of it. mental illness - skew reality so that that dont know what theyre doing = intent isnt there. legal insantiy = expert testimony proving mentally ill; explain how mental illness removed reason to commit/intent.

Question 54

culture affects many disorders taijin kyofushu eating disorders expression of disorders = westernn vs latin,chinese, african

Answer 54

taijin kyofushu = worried about offending others. social anxiety, related to how people are worried about looking/smelling in social settings. impedes interactions with others eating disorders popped up due to media. wait size challenge. expressing disorder: wester = report psychological symptoms. latine, chinese, african = report somatic symptoms