Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Personality and Social Y2 > Psychological measurement > Flashcards

Psychological measurement Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

levels of measurement

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nominal data

A

can only be categorised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ordinal data

A

ranked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interval data

A

ranked and evenly spaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ratio data

A

data can be ranked, evenly spaced and have a natural zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are raw scores converted to standard scores

A

by subtracting the mean from the original score and dividing the result by the standard deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

aim of psychological measurement

A

to make meaningful comparisons among people to calculate statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do correlation coefficients (r) tell us

A

how strongly two variables are related and in which direction (positive or negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what value tells us there is no correlation

A

r = .00

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what value tells us there is a strong correlation

A

+0.40 or higher
-0.40 or lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what value tells us there is a moderate correlation

A

between +0.20 and +0.40
between -0.20 and -0.40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what value tells us there is a weak correlation

A

between -0.20 and +0.20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the larger the sample size…

A

the greater the statistical power to obtain statistically significant results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what makes a good sample

A

samples should be reasonably representative of the population that the researcher wants to learn about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

potential problems with samples

A

-WEIRD populations (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic)
-psychology student samples
-if samples show restricted variance - correlations are standardised covariances, so restricted variance = restricted covariance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a measure produces consistent results

does the obtained score represent the ‘true level’ of the construct being measured?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

types of reliability

A

-internal-consistency reliability
-inter-rater reliability (inter-observer)
-test-retest reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

internal-consistency reliability

A

the extent to which the items of a measure are correlated with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

test-retest reliability

A

the extent of consistency between scores across different measurement occasions

e.g. now vs 1 year later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

the extent of consistency between the scores of different raters/ observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a measure assesses all relevant features of the construct, and does not assess irrelevant features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which a measure assesses the same construct that it is intended to assess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

convergent construct validity

Study These Flashcards
A

correspondence with measures assessing similar (positive relations) or opposite (negative relations) characteristics

25
discriminant construct validity
correspondence with measures assessing characteristics unrelated to the one the measure is intended to assess
26
criterion validity
relations with relevant outcome variables; also called predictive validity
27
methods of measurement
-self-reports -observer reports -direct observation -biodata
28
self-reports
-structured questionnaires -every person is asked the same set of questions -there is a fixed set of responses most widely used method of measuring personality
29
acquiescence
the tendency to agree or disagree with statements
30
reverse-scored items
used in self-reports to balance out the tendency to agree or disagree with statements (acquiescence) by including items opposite to the trait you wish to investigate (these are known as reverse-scored items)
31
advantages of self-report method
-efficient -low cost -mostly accurate (if people know their behaviours, thoughts and feelings and if people are willing to report these)
32
disadvantages of self-report method
-can be easily faked or distorted (e.g. when applying for a job) - social desirability responding is very hard to control
33
observer reports
someone else provides the report on the target person the observer can be a spouse, parent, friend, colleague, classmate, but should know the target fairly well
34
advantages of observer reports
-might be more objective (less biased) -others might know us better than we know ourselves
35
disadvantage of observer reports
some aspects of personality might never really be observed; observations are done in a limited range of contexts
36
direct observations
directly observing a person's behaviour the frequency and intensity of a behaviour is measured which indicate a personality trait takes place in the person's natural habitat or an artifical setting (e.g. lab)
37
advantage of direct observations
can be very informative
38
disadvantages of direct observations
-time-consuming -lots of effort required -expensive -needs to be aggregated over multiple indicators, times and situations
39
biodata (life outcome data)
records of a person's life relevant to an individual's personality e.g. phone bills, speeding tickets, grade point average, sales records, diplomas, income, death
40
advantage of biodata
they are objective behavioural indicators
41
disadvantage of biodata
not clear what information is relevant or accurate as indicator for the personality trait of interest
42
big 5 personality framework
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness (OCEAN)
43
HEXACO personality model
Honesty-Humility Emotionality eXtraversion Agreeableness (vs anger) Conscientiousness Openness to experience
44
strategies of personality inventory construction
-the empirical strategy -the factor analytic strategy -the rational strategy
45
the empirical strategy
collect a large pool of items that show empirical relationships with the trait the researcher is interested in
46
advantages of the empirical strategy
-objective - relies on data rather than subjective opinions about what should measure a trait -predictive accuracy - items are chosen because they work in practice, not just in theory
47
disadvantage of the empirical strategy
-lack of face validity - some items are unrelated or odd to participants because they are not obviously linked to the trait
48
the factor analytic strategy
collect a large pool of items, subject them to factor analyses, and find 'groups' of items that measure different traits
49
factor analyses
a statistical technique used to reduce a large set of variables into smaller, more coherent sets of related variables, called factors factor analyses identifies patterns of correlations among items items that are highly correlated with each other are grouped together because they appear to measure a common underlying construct or trait
50
examples of factor analytic strategy
-big 5 personality traits (OCEAN) -Cattell's 16 personality traits (16PF)
51
advantages of factor analytic strategy
-data-driven - technique is purely based on mathematical relationships, allowing objective identification of related items -dimensionality reduction - reduces complex sets of data into manageable components (factors), making it easier to interpret psychological traits
52
disadvantages of factor analytic strategy
-interpretation of factors - the researcher must decide what each factor represents, which can introduce subjectivity -dependent on quality of items - the success of the analysis is dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of the initial pool of items
53
the rational strategy
write items specifically for the purpose of assessing each trait - based on how the researcher, theory and research conceptualise the trait
54
are items made using the rational strategy usually high or low in face validity?
high in face validity, meaning it is clear what they are measuring e.g. a question like 'I often feel anxious in social situations' is obviously measuring a form of anxiety or social discomfort
55
what is the method of the rational strategy
the researcher starts by conceptualising a trait - defining what it menas, and identifying behaviour, thoughts and feelings that are associated with it based on this definition, the researcher writes questions or statements that reflect the trait as it is understood
56
example of the rational strategy
Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was developed using a rational approach, based on Carl Jung's theory of psychological types
57
advantages of the rational strategy
-efficient and theory-driven - the rational strategy directly ties test items to theoretical constructs, making it useful for developing tests aligned with specific models -high face validity - the items are easy to understand and clearly relevant to the trait being measured
58
disadvantages of the rational strategy
-subjective bias - since items are written based on the researcher's interpretation of a trait, personal biases or theoretical limitations can influence the test -vulnerability to faking - high face validity can make the test easier to manipulate, as respondents can guess what the items are measuring and adjust their answers accordingly -need for empirical validation - items developed using the rational strategy must be tested to ensure they truly measure the trait that they are intended to assess. without validation, the results may lack reliability and validity

Personality and Social Y2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions