psychological problems

Question 1

What does ANS stand for?

Answer 1

Autonomic nervous system

The ANS operates involuntarily and has two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 2

What is the CNS made up of?

Answer 2

The brain and spinal cord

The CNS is where all complex commands and decisions are made.

Question 3

What are the two main components of the nervous system?

Answer 3

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 4

What is the function of the PNS?

Answer 4

Transmits information about voluntary activity

The PNS communicates between the CNS and the rest of the body and coordinates some reflex responses.

Question 5

What does SNS stand for?

Answer 5

Somatic nervous system

The SNS transmits information from sense organs to the CNS and directs muscle actions.

Question 6

Define the fight or flight response.

Answer 6

Immediate physiological response to a threatening or stressful situation

The sympathetic division of the ANS triggers the release of adrenaline.

Question 7

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 7

A theory of emotion suggesting physiological changes occur first, followed by the brain’s interpretation as an emotion.

Question 8

What is an emotion?

Answer 8

A strong feeling or mood that has important motivational properties.

Question 9

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 9

Neurotransmitters that increase the positive charge of the next neuron

Examples include adrenaline.

Question 10

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 10

Neurotransmitters that increase the negative charge of the next neuron

An example is serotonin.

Question 11

What are neurons?

Answer 11

Cells that communicate messages through electrical and chemical signals.

Question 12

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 12

A chemical released from synaptic vesicles that sends signals across the synaptic cleft.

Question 13

Define synaptic transmission.

Answer 13

The process by which neighboring neurons communicate with each other.

Question 14

What does Hebb’s theory of learning suggest?

Answer 14

Learning causes synaptic connections between groups of neurons to become stronger.

Question 15

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 15

The ‘little brain’ that coordinates movement with sensory input and has a role in cognition.

Question 16

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

The thin layer of brain tissue responsible for conscious awareness.

Question 17

What does localization refer to in the brain?

Answer 17

The theory that different brain areas are responsible for specific functions and behaviors.

Question 18

What is the interpretive cortex?

Answer 18

An area of the temporal lobe where interpretations of memories are stored.

Question 19

Define cognitive neuroscience.

Answer 19

The study of how mental processes and brain activity influence one another.

Question 20

What is neurological damage?

Answer 20

Any event that results in neuron damage in the brain, leading to loss of function or change in behavior.

Question 21

What is a CT scan?

Answer 21

A computerized tomography scan that creates detailed images of the inside of the body using X-rays.

Question 22

What does fMRI stand for?

Answer 22

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

fMRI measures blood oxygen levels in the brain.

Question 23

What is a PET scan?

Answer 23

Positron emission tomography scan that allows live brain activity to be observed.

Question 24

What is episodic memory?

Answer 24

Memory for personal events, including details about when the events occurred.

Question 25

Define semantic memory.

Answer 25

A store for our knowledge of the world, including facts and meanings of words.

Question 26

What are the two jobs of the nervous system?

Answer 26

Collect and respond to information in the environment and control the working of different organs and cells in the body.

Question 27

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 27

Brain and spinal cord, divided into left and right hemispheres.

Question 28

What is the role of the brain stem?

Answer 28

Controls many basic functions such as sleep and reflexes.

Question 29

What is the role of the PNS?

Answer 29

Supports actions of the CNS through neurons.

Question 30

What does the ANS control?

Answer 30

Homeostasis, maintaining a balanced internal state.

Question 31

What triggers the sympathetic NS?

Answer 31

Physiological arousal when stressed.

Question 32

What is the parasympathetic NS responsible for?

Answer 32

Rest and digest functions.

Question 33

True or False: The James-Lange theory posits that emotions occur before physiological arousal.

Answer 33

False ## Footnote The theory states that physiological arousal occurs first, followed by emotion.

Question 34

What are the two components of the fight or flight response?

Answer 34

Sympathetic NS activation and adrenaline release.

Question 35

What happens once a threat has passed in the fight or flight response?

Answer 35

The parasympathetic NS kicks in.

Question 36

What does the brain interpret during the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 36

Physiological arousal leads to the experience of emotion.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: The ________ NS is responsible for physiological arousal during stress.

Answer 37

Sympathetic

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The ________ is the area of the brain responsible for conscious awareness.

Answer 38

Cerebral cortex

Question 39

Fill in the blank: ________ memory involves personal events and their details.

Answer 39

Episodic