Psychologicla Methods And Techniques 2 Flashcards
(13 cards)
Lab experiment features (5) and STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
Tightly controlled environment
Deliberately manipulates IV
Measures the DV
Controls the extraneous variables
STANDARDISED procedures + instruc
S= cause and effect established - clearly see that what we are manipulating (IV) is affecting what we are measuring (DV) = HIGH VALIDITY
Reliability checked - standardised procedures = consistency verified
N = ARTIFICIAL - low ecological validity (controlled environment) = findings less credible and cannot be applied
Field experiment features (4) and strength and weakness
Conducted in more natural env
Deliberately manipulates IV
Measures DV
Experimenter controls some of extraneous variables
S = more realistic than lab - greater ecological validity (natural setting) = findings are more credible and applied
Less bias from demand characteristics
N= less control - extraneous variables are more likely to distort findings and so internal validity likely to be lower
More difficult to check reliability - no standardised procedures/ instructions = consistency of findings cannot be verified
Features of natural experiment and quasi
Natural:
Conducted in completely natural event
No control over IV
Measures DV
No control over extraneous variables
Quasi:
Can control IV to some extent
Researcher makes use of natural occurring internal/ dispositions variables
IV is a quality of the ppts
Ppts bade done distingo differences
Strength and weakness of natural/ quasi experiments
Strength - MORE REALISTIC
Greatest ecological validity - lack of involvement of researcher - variables are naturally occurring = findings are easily generalised = HIGH EXTERNAL
VALIDITY
N =
Lack of control - natural have no control over environment and extraneous variables = researcher cannot always accurately asses the effect of the IV ( low internal validity)
Not replicable - lack of control - procedures cannot be repeated = cannot be checked for reliability
What is a problem with repeated measures design and how can it be overcome
The second time round, ppts in group A will simply perform better due to PRACTICE SND ORDER EFFECT = extraneous variable
Overcome by:
Counterbalancing = group of ppts are split into two and perform the tasks in a different order.
Ensured eschew condition is tested first / second in equal amounts
Ensures any differences are BALANCED OUT / CANCELLED OUT
Strength and weaknesses of independent measures design
- no problem with order effects - no pots will be used in more than one condition
- data collected will be less time consuming ( if all conditions of experiment can be conducted simul)
- different ppts needed to be recruited for each condition (difficult + expensive)
- risk of participant variables affecting results between conditions rather than solely manipulation of IV
Strength and weakness of repeated measures design
- results not subjected to ppt variables, putting more confidence in DV changes being solely due to manipulated changes in the IV
- same pprs used twice extra pots not needed
- risk of observing order effects (practice/fatigue effects or demand characteristics) controlled by counterbalancing
Strength and weaknesses of matched pairs design
Order effects not observed - ppts only take part in one condition
Tailored ppt matching process reduces risk of participant variables from affecting results between conditions
Diff ppts need to be recruited for each condition (difficult and expensive)
Matching is more complex process and will be very difficult to match pots identically
What is randomisation/ random allocation used for and what does it eliminate?
Randomly allocate ppts to experimental conditions by putting all names on paper then placing in hat, extract and allocate to condition
Reduces variability and sampling bias
What is single blind technique and what does it eliminate?
Ppts unaware of the condition they are put in/ sim of experiment
Avoids demand characteristics as they don’t know the purpose of experiment
What is double blind procedure and what does it eliminate?
Neither the ppts or experimenter know the true sim of the experiment (research assistant conducts the experiment and reports on the results)
Eliminates
Experimenter effects
Situational factors
Participant factors
Researcher bias
Demand characteristics
What a re standardised procedures and what do they eliminate?
Detailed instructions put in place for whole duration of experiment - ensures experiment can be easily replicated
Confusion from ppts as to what task follows
= MORE SCIENTIFIC
What are 4 features of a case study?
-In-depth investigation of one person/ small group of people (most detailed method - IDIOGRAPHICbecuase they are in-depth exploration of indv cases)
-Investigate naturally occurring events
-Gathers range of formation (family history, medical history) to FORM A CASE HISTORY
-used number of methods to gather info ( TRIANGULATION METHODS) - interviews with person and family
