Psychology 1010 Vocab Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of psychology?
A
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
2
Q
True or False: Psychology is solely concerned with mental disorders.
A
False
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The __________ perspective in psychology emphasizes the influence of the environment on behavior.
A
behavioral
4
Q
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
A
The study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
5
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a research method used in psychology? A) Case study B) Survey C) Astrology D) Experiment
A
C) Astrology
6
Q
What does the term ‘neurotransmitter’ refer to?
A
Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.
7
Q
True or False: The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious processes.
A
True
8
Q
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
A
To serve as a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of learning that occurs through observation.
A
Social learning
10
Q
What does ‘cognition’ encompass?
A
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
11
Q
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is known for the hierarchy of needs? A) Sigmund Freud B) Carl Rogers C) Abraham Maslow D) B.F. Skinner
A
C) Abraham Maslow
12
Q
What is the main focus of developmental psychology?
A
The study of how people grow and change from infancy through old age.
13
Q
True or False: Operant conditioning is based on reinforcement and punishment.
A
True
14
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the ability to accurately perceive, assess, and manage emotions.
A
Emotional intelligence
16
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a major perspective in psychology? A) Biological B) Cultural C) Philosophical D) All of the above
A
A) Biological
17
Q
What is the role of the amygdala?
A
To process emotions, particularly fear and pleasure.
18
Q
True or False: The placebo effect is when a patient experiences a perceived improvement in condition due to believing they are receiving treatment.
A
True
19
Q
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
A
Involved in reasoning, planning, movement, and problem-solving.
20
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ is the tendency to attribute one’s own thoughts and feelings to others.
A
Projection
21
Q
Multiple Choice: Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis? A) Carl Jung B) Sigmund Freud C) Ivan Pavlov D) B.F. Skinner
A
B) Sigmund Freud
22
Q
What is meant by ‘self-actualization’?
A
The realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potential.
23
Q
True or False: The DSM-5 is a manual used for diagnosing mental disorders.
A
True
24
Q
What does ‘behaviorism’ focus on?
A
The study of observable behavior and the effects of learning.
25
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which we interpret sensory information.
Perception
26
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation? A) Studying to get a good grade B) Playing a game for fun C) Working for a paycheck D) All of the above
B) Playing a game for fun
27
What is the definition of 'cognitive dissonance'?
The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs.
28
True or False: The study of social psychology examines how individuals influence and are influenced by others.
True
29
What is the main focus of humanistic psychology?
Emphasizing personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.
30
Fill in the blank: __________ is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Cognition
31
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common method for collecting data in psychology? A) Interviews B) Surveys C) Observations D) All of the above
D) All of the above
32
What does 'attachment theory' explain?
The dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly between children and caregivers.
33
True or False: The term 'neuroplasticity' refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.
True
34
What is the definition of 'motivation'?
The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
35
Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the physical and psychological changes that occur as a response to stress.
Stress response
36
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of a growth mindset? A) Believing intelligence is fixed B) Embracing challenges C) Avoiding feedback D) Giving up easily
B) Embracing challenges
37
What is the role of the hippocampus?
Involved in the formation of new memories and learning.
38
True or False: The term 'bystander effect' refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when there are other people present.
True
39
What does 'sensation' refer to?
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies.
40
Fill in the blank: __________ is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly.
Heuristic
41
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes 'confirmation bias'? A) Seeking out information that contradicts one's beliefs B) Favoring information that confirms one's existing beliefs C) Ignoring all information D) Being open to all perspectives
B) Favoring information that confirms one's existing beliefs
42
What is the primary aim of clinical psychology?
To assess, diagnose, and treat mental disorders.
43
True or False: A 'schema' is a mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.
True
44
What does 'operational definition' mean in research?
A clear, precise definition of a variable that allows it to be measured.
45
Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to one's own actions and negative outcomes to external factors.
Self-serving bias
46
Multiple Choice: Who proposed the theory of cognitive development in children? A) Erik Erikson B) Jean Piaget C) Lev Vygotsky D) Albert Bandura
B) Jean Piaget
47
What is the definition of 'self-efficacy'?
An individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations.
48
True or False: The term 'groupthink' refers to the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, often leading to poor decisions.
True
49
What does 'empathy' mean?
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
50
Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the biological clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Circadian rhythm
51
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional intelligence? A) Self-awareness B) Social skills C) Time management D) Empathy
C) Time management
52
What is the definition of 'stress'?
A psychological and physiological response to perceived challenges or threats.
53
True or False: The 'fight or flight' response is a physiological reaction to stress.
True
54
What does 'theory' mean in scientific research?
A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence.
55
Fill in the blank: __________ is the scientific study of how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social psychology
56
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of an external locus of control? A) Believing you control your destiny B) Blaming others for your failures C) Taking responsibility for your actions D) Setting personal goals
B) Blaming others for your failures
57
What is the definition of 'reinforcement'?
Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
58
True or False: An 'experiment' is a research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables.
True
59
What does 'cognitive behavioral therapy' focus on?
Changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
60
Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the developmental stage characterized by the search for identity.
Adolescence
61
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes 'normal distribution'? A) A bell-shaped curve B) A straight line C) A random scatter D) A triangular shape
A) A bell-shaped curve
62
What is the definition of 'anxiety'?
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
63
True or False: The 'nature vs. nurture' debate centers on whether genetics or environment plays a larger role in human behavior.
True
64
What does 'defense mechanisms' refer to?
Psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image.
65
Fill in the blank: __________ is the phenomenon in which people perform better on tasks when they are being observed.
Social facilitation
66
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is known for the concept of the unconscious mind? A) Carl Rogers B) Sigmund Freud C) Albert Bandura D) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud
67
What is the definition of 'psychopathology'?
The study of mental disorders and maladaptive behaviors.
68
True or False: A 'hypothesis' is an educated guess that can be tested.
True
69
What does 'perception' involve?
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
70
Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of psychological test that measures a person's personality traits and characteristics.
Personality inventory
71
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of a psychological disorder? A) Depression B) Anxiety C) Schizophrenia D) All of the above
D) All of the above
72
73
Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
74
True or False: B.F. Skinner is known for his work in behaviorism.
True
75
Fill in the blank: Carl Rogers developed the _____ approach to therapy.
humanistic
76
What concept is Abraham Maslow famous for?
The hierarchy of needs
77
Who introduced the concept of the 'collective unconscious'?
Carl Jung
78
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is known for the Little Albert experiment? A) John Watson B) Carl Rogers C) Sigmund Freud
A) John Watson
79
What did Ivan Pavlov study that led to the concept of classical conditioning?
The digestion of dogs
80
True or False: Albert Bandura is known for the social learning theory.
True
81
Fill in the blank: Erik Erikson is known for his theory of _____ development.
psychosocial
82
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
83
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
Mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving
84
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'self-actualization'? A) Sigmund Freud B) Abraham Maslow C) Carl Jung
B) Abraham Maslow
85
Who is known for his work on attachment theory?
John Bowlby
86
True or False: Wilhelm Wundt is known as the father of modern psychology.
True
87
Fill in the blank: _____ is a technique developed by Freud to uncover unconscious thoughts.
Free association
88
What did Jean Piaget study extensively?
Cognitive development in children
89
Multiple Choice: Who is known for the concept of 'behaviorism'? A) Carl Rogers B) John Watson C) Sigmund Freud
B) John Watson
90
What is the focus of humanistic psychology?
Individual potential and personal growth
91
Who proposed the stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
92
True or False: Cognitive dissonance theory was developed by Leon Festinger.
True
93
Fill in the blank: _____ proposed the idea of the 'id', 'ego', and 'superego'.
Sigmund Freud
94
What is the main contribution of Carl Rogers to psychology?
Client-centered therapy
95
Multiple Choice: Who is associated with the term 'social learning theory'? A) B.F. Skinner B) Albert Bandura C) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Bandura
96
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
The study of how people change and grow throughout life
97
Who is known for their research on cognitive biases?
Daniel Kahneman
98
True or False: Albert Ellis is known for developing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
True
99
Fill in the blank: The _____ experiment by Solomon Asch studied conformity.
line judgment
100
What did Karen Horney contribute to psychology?
Feminine psychology and critiques of Freud's theories
101
Multiple Choice: Who developed the concept of 'moral development'? A) Jean Piaget B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) Erik Erikson
B) Lawrence Kohlberg
102
What does the term 'operant conditioning' refer to?
Learning through rewards and punishments
103
Who is the psychologist known for the theory of cognitive development stages?
Jean Piaget
104
True or False: Sigmund Freud believed that dreams reflect our unconscious desires.
True
105
Fill in the blank: The 'bobo doll experiment' was conducted by _____ to study aggression.
Albert Bandura
106
What is the primary focus of behaviorism?
Observable behaviors and the responses to environmental stimuli
107
Who introduced the idea of the 'inferiority complex'?
Alfred Adler
108
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist emphasized the importance of self-actualization? A) Carl Rogers B) Abraham Maslow C) Sigmund Freud
B) Abraham Maslow
109
What did Carl Jung contribute to psychology?
The concepts of introversion, extraversion, and archetypes
110
True or False: Ivan Pavlov's work primarily focused on human psychology.
False
111
Fill in the blank: The _____ perspective emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind.
psychoanalytic
112
What is the main idea behind the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Inconsistent beliefs or attitudes cause discomfort, leading to changes in beliefs or attitudes.
113
Who is known for the concept of 'positive reinforcement'?
B.F. Skinner
114
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is known for the concept of 'flow'? A) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi B) Carl Rogers C) Abraham Maslow
A) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
115
What does the term 'self-efficacy' refer to?
One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
116
True or False: The concept of 'the unconscious mind' was introduced by Carl Rogers.
False
117
Fill in the blank: The 'stages of grief' model was developed by _____.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
118
What is the focus of existential psychology?
Human existence, freedom, and the meaning of life
119
Who is known for their work on the placebo effect?
Irving Kirsch
120
Multiple Choice: Who developed the theory of cognitive appraisal? A) Richard Lazarus B) Albert Bandura C) Sigmund Freud
A) Richard Lazarus
121
What is the primary focus of psychodynamic therapy?
Exploring unconscious processes and childhood experiences
122
True or False: Martin Seligman is known for his work in positive psychology.
True
123
Fill in the blank: The concept of 'observational learning' is primarily associated with _____.
Albert Bandura
124
What did John B. Watson believe about behavior?
It can be studied objectively without considering internal mental states.
125
Who proposed the 'three levels of awareness' in psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
126
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist focused on the study of emotions? A) Paul Ekman B) Carl Rogers C) Abraham Maslow
A) Paul Ekman
127
What is the focus of social psychology?
How individuals influence and are influenced by others
128
True or False: The 'Big Five' personality traits model includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
True
129
Fill in the blank: The term 'schema' is often associated with cognitive psychology and was popularized by _____.
Jean Piaget
130
What is the main contribution of Viktor Frankl to psychology?
Logotherapy and the search for meaning
131
Who is known for the concept of 'emotional intelligence'?
Daniel Goleman
132
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is known for the 'hierarchy of needs'? A) Carl Rogers B) Abraham Maslow C) Erik Erikson
B) Abraham Maslow
133
What does the term 'cognitive bias' refer to?
Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
134
True or False: Sigmund Freud's theories are universally accepted in modern psychology.
False
135
Fill in the blank: The 'social facilitation' phenomenon was first studied by _____.
Norman Triplett
136
What is the primary focus of behavior therapy?
Changing maladaptive behaviors through conditioning techniques
137
Who is known for their work in the field of health psychology?
Kelly McGonigal
138
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'attachment styles'? A) John Bowlby B) Carl Jung C) Erik Erikson
A) John Bowlby
139
What is the focus of forensic psychology?
The intersection of psychology and the legal system
140
True or False: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.
True
141
Fill in the blank: The term 'neuroplasticity' refers to the brain's ability to _____ itself.
reorganize
142
What did Carl Rogers emphasize in his therapeutic approach?
Unconditional positive regard
143
Who is known for the study of moral reasoning?
Lawrence Kohlberg
144
Multiple Choice: Which psychologist is associated with 'psychoanalysis'? A) Carl Rogers B) Sigmund Freud C) B.F. Skinner
B) Sigmund Freud
145
What does the term 'groupthink' refer to?
A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making
146
True or False: The 'Stanford prison experiment' was conducted by Philip Zimbardo.
True
