Psychology 111- Chapter 7

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

taking in external experiences in order to create stable memories

Question 2

engram

Answer 2

only place people thought memories were stored

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

what memory is doing when not actively interacting with it

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

recalling that info at a later date

Question 5

structural processing

Answer 5

• just focusing on visual components
• uses occipital lobe

Question 6

phonemic processing

Answer 6

• the sound of the word
• uses temporal lobe

Question 7

semantic processing

Answer 7

• builds more info on the memory
• focusing on the meaning of what you’re trying to encode
• frontal lobe
• most effective

Question 8

organizational processing

Answer 8

• focused on how different types of stimuli fit together
• uses frontal lobe
• build more info on the memory

Question 9

encoding specificity principle

Answer 9

best to encode info in same way it is being tested

Question 10

elaboration

Answer 10

building additional information onto what you’re trying to remember

Question 11

dual-coding theory

Answer 11

best to encode info using two types of processing

Question 12

self-referent encoding

Answer 12

connecting info to ourselves

Question 13

cocktail party phenomenon

Answer 13

even in loud spaces, you can hear your name over the sound of the party

Question 14

motivation to remember

Answer 14

if you increase your motivation to remember, it is easier to remember it when you need it

Question 15

peg words

Answer 15

using rhyming words to remember list

Question 16

method of loci

Answer 16

choose familiar environment and place info along the path you typically take in that environment, walk along the path to remember that info

Question 17

chunking

Answer 17

put small pieces into larger memory (combining smaller pieces to remember the info better)

Question 18

Spacing/Testing effect

Answer 18

easier to remember info if you space out learning of it and do repeated testing

Question 19

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Answer 19

3 “bins” of memory: sensory-> short term memory-> long term memory

Question 20

sensory memory

Answer 20

quick, lasts for a short amount of time
- large capacity and short duration (can hold a lot of info for a short period of time)

Question 21

short term memory (Miller 7 +/- 2)

Answer 21

longer than sensory memory, but still very short time span
- Miller 7+/- 2: average person can remember between 5 and 9 things in their short term memory

Question 22

implicit memory

Answer 22

automatically without much guidance-> primarily in cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 23

explicit memory

Answer 23

actively trying to recall this memory-> in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 24

long term memory

Answer 24

we don’t know limits of long-term memory

Question 25

procedural long-term memory

Answer 25

how we perform actions, more implicit

Question 26

declarative long-term memory (semantic vs. episodic)

Answer 26

- more explicit - semantic: factual memory, more objective - episodic: personal recollection of an event, more subjective

Question 27

autobiographical long-term memory

Answer 27

- blending personal semantic info (factual info you know about yourself) and episodic memory, important for interacting with other people (creating bonds, knowing how to act in social situations)

Question 28

HSAM

Answer 28

- highly superior autobiographical memory - remember a lot of aspects of their lives

Question 29

prospective memory

Answer 29

remembering to do something in the future - we are very bad at this type of memory

Question 30

retrospective memory

Answer 30

- memory for the past - vast majority of memory

Question 31

working memory

Answer 31

aspect of short-term memory - memory you are currently working with

Question 32

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 32

just maintaining the info in short term memory - often by just repeating it

Question 33

elaborative memory

Answer 33

- adding info - making connections to make more imbedded memory

Question 34

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 34

helps you remember visual and spatial information

Question 35

phonological loop

Answer 35

verbal and auditory information

Question 36

central executive

Answer 36

helps allocate resources and determine where focus should be

Question 37

episodic buffer

Answer 37

makes sure sequenced info is staying in sequence

Question 38

benefits of working memory

Answer 38

people who are better at using their working memory have better reading comprehension and better scores on logic tests/puzzles

Question 39

consolidation

Answer 39

cresting a long-term stable memory - hippocampus is very important to this

Question 40

REM

Answer 40

consolidation happens during REM sleep, could be one of reasons REM sleep exists (better REM sleep = better consolidation)

Question 41

reconsolidation

Answer 41

and time recall info into short-term memory, we reconsolidate to put it back into long-term memory - when memory is most open to change

Question 42

state dependent retrieval

Answer 42

easier to retrieve info when your mood at retrieval is the same as mood at encoding

Question 43

associative network

Answer 43

memory and other cognitive aspects are often connected in your mind

Question 44

schemas

Answer 44

clusters of knowledge about something (object/event) - use it to shortcut our cognition, use our schemas to fill in gaps

Question 45

recall

Answer 45

testing memory without help/cues (ex. essay)

Question 46

reognition

Answer 46

testing memory with cues (ex. multiple choice)

Question 47

relearning

Answer 47

after you have learned how to do task/action, how long does it take you to relearn that task/action

Question 48

retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

forgetting everything in the past (inability to retrieve old memory)

Question 49

anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

inability to create new memory, more common - associated with hippocampus

Question 50

serial positioning effect

Answer 50

depending on where an item is in a list to be remembered, you may be more or less likely to remember those items

Question 51

primary (serial positioning effect)

Answer 51

words at beginning of list are more likely to be remembered because you are creating more stable memory because of elaborative rehearsal

Question 52

recency (serial positioning effect)

Answer 52

words at end of list are more likely to be remembered because they are still in short term memory - if there is a delay between retrieval and storing, the recency effect basically goes away

Question 53

selective attention

Answer 53

determines info included in our memory (info we attend to is, info we don't attend to isn't)

Question 54

Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton

Answer 54

Thonpson identified Cotton as who committed an assault on her and he went to jail, later, DNA showed he didn't do it

Question 55

Own Race Bias

Answer 55

we are better able to discriminate between members of our own race vs. members of another race

Question 56

source monitoring

Answer 56

remembering where you heard info from-> can be important when remembering news articles

Question 57

crypto amnesia

Answer 57

where you accidentally plagiarize (you have info in your memory and because you don't have source info, you assume you created that element)

Question 58

processing errors

Answer 58

happens more on encoding side, if you misinterpret info then that misinterpretation is included in our memory, so the memory is incorrect

Question 59

Tip-of-the-tongue

Answer 59

you know that you know the info, but you can't pull it to the surface

Question 60

Ineffective encoding

Answer 60

encoding wrong info or not using enough cognitive resources or aren't paying enough attention

Question 61

decay/transience

Answer 61

normal forgetting that happens with time (as you get further from consolidation, the memory gets less detailed)

Question 62

retrieval failure

Answer 62

successfully encoded and stored info but can't retrieve it

Question 63

proactive interference

Answer 63

where old info interferes with your ability to remember new info

Question 64

retroactive interference

Answer 64

new info interferes with your ability to remember old info

Question 65

suggestibility

Answer 65

your memory is changing because of outside info

Question 66

bias

Answer 66

we have bias on what memories we remember vs. forget (we like to think we're good people, so we remember this info)

Question 67

persistence

Answer 67

continuously reconsolidating info - PTSD= the info is brought back as intrusive memory, the memory is reconsolidated, the info can change and become more traumatic)