Psychology

Question 1

Attitude

Answer 1

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.

Question 2

Tri-component model (A B C)

Answer 2

• Affective: emotions/ how you feel
• Behavioural: observable actions
• cognitive: belief towards an object, group or person

Question 3

stereotyping (positive and negative)

Answer 3

It is a generalization about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group.

Question 4

cognitive dissonance

Answer 4

The psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings or behaviours do NOT align.

Question 5

ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

• change the cognition/ belief
• change the behaviour
• add new and supporting cognitions

Question 6

discrimination

Answer 6

when a person or group is treated differently than others

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

the information-processing strategies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to form judgments and problem-solve quickly and efficiently.

Question 8

Heuristics: Availability

Answer 8

making judgments based on information that is easily accessible

Question 9

personal perception

Answer 9

A mental process we use to understand and form impressions of others.

Question 10

prejudice

Answer 10

A negative attitude towards another person/ social group

Question 11

direct discrimination

Answer 11

treating someone with law-protected characteristics less favourably.

Question 12

indirect discrimination

Answer 12

An unreasonable requirement that disadvantages a person or group because of personal characteristics.

Question 13

Heuristics: representative

Answer 13

Involves making categorized judgments based on their similarity or from past experience.

Question 14

Heuristics: affect

Answer 14

making judgements based on emotion

Question 15

Heuristics positive influence

Answer 15

• save time when making a decision/ problem-solving
• can be adaptive and protects individuals from dangerous situations
• reduces cognitive load

Question 16

Heuristics negative influences

Answer 16

• decisions/judgments are made quickly which means they are more prone to error or bias.

Question 17

sensation

Answer 17

raw data is detected by sensory receptors and is converted into neutral signals that travel along nerves to the brain.

Question 18

perception

Answer 18

sensations are interpreted in the brain

Question 19

selective attention

Answer 19

involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same time excluding other stimuli

Question 20

divided attention

Answer 20

refers to the ability to distribute our attention so that 2 or more activities may be preformed simultaneously.

Question 21

sustained attention

Answer 21

involves the maintenance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continuous period of time without getting distracted.

Question 22

bottom-up processing

Answer 22

the perceptual process starts at the bottom with raw sensory information that is sent up to the brain for higher-level mental processing

Question 23

top-down processing

Answer 23

a perceptual process that starts at the top with higher level cognitive processing in the brain and works done from the whole image to the details.

Question 24

visual perception

Answer 24

The ability to make sense of what our eyes are seeing.

Question 25

gestalt principles

Answer 25

- figure-ground - similarity - proximity - closure

Question 26

psychological factors influencing visual perception

Answer 26

- Gestalt principles - perceptual set (readiness to perceive something as it is expected to look) - context - motivation - past experiences - memory

Question 27

gustatory perception

Answer 27

taste perception

Question 28

reception

Answer 28

receptors in taste detect and respond to chemical molecules

Question 29

transduction

Answer 29

taste receptors convert the molecules into neutral signals that can be sent to the brain

Question 30

hypothesis (what to include)

Answer 30

- population - direction - IV - DV

Question 31

accuracy

Answer 31

how close a measurement is to the true value

Question 32

precision

Answer 32

how close a set of measurements are together

Question 33

repeatability

Answer 33

obtain similar results when study is conducted multiple times under the same conditions

Question 34

between subjects

Answer 34

individual assigned to one condition

Question 35

with-in subjects

Answer 35

individual assigned to both conditions