Psychology Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is a scale error
A
Assuming the small version is the same as the original thing
2
Q
What is the structure?
A
Some piece of the organism that performs the action
3
Q
What is function
A
The action of the structure
4
Q
What is continuous develpment
A
Quantitative; builds on stages
5
Q
What is Qualitative development?
A
Stage theories: qualities emerge at specific times
6
Q
What is bronfenbrenner’s ecological system’s theory
A
Children are at the center of a bunch of concentric circles/ Not raised in isolation and is influenced by fam, church, culture, etc.
7
Q
Who is Arnold Gesell
A
Believes that development is the unfolding of one’s genetic potential- this is called maturational theory and is not valid
8
Q
Konrad’s work with goslings proved what:
A
That all animals will form attachments at some point (With goslings, they would imprint quickly on the first living thing they say after hatching
9
Q
TimePeriod: Sensorimotor Period
A
Birth to age 2
10
Q
TimePeriod Preopoerational Period
A
age 2-7
11
Q
Concrete Operational Period
A
7-11
12
Q
When is object permanence developed?
A
18 mopnths
13
Q
When is syumbolic thought developed
A
Early Preoperational
14
Q
Which stage is defined by mastering the preoperational stage (understand centration and reversibility now)
A
Concrete operational period
15
Q
Sociocultural perspective
A
Vygotsky: Children learn the skills of their culture through interactions with adults
16
Q
What is the expectency effect
A
When the observer’s expectations influence their observations
17
Q
Inter-rater reliabilty check
A
When 2 people do the observations and compare notes to see their biases
18
Q
What is sampling behavior
A
When the researcher creates tasks for the kid to elicif the desired and studied behavior
19
Q
What 2 types of research are used in child dev. psychology
A
Structured + clinial interview
20
Q
What is internal validity
A
How much do the conditions you create affect your results - making sure that extermal factors are not influencing the experiment
21
Q
What is external validity
A
How much the world is influencing your results
22
Q
Are scientists more internally or externally valid in their research
A
Being too internall vaid:
Their scenarios will be very tightly controlled; ot externaly valid because not applicable to external and real life.
23
Q
Selective Attrtion
A
When people leave a longitudinal study and this scews the results because there is probably something special about the individuals who choose to leave.
24
Q
What is the hybrid between longitudinal and cross sectional studies called?
A
Longitudinal sequential studies
25
What is the gene-environment correlation
Your genes will influence the experiences you will have, ultimately causing you to be a certain person
26
What are the 3 effects in the gene-environment correlation
Passive, Evocative, and Active
27
Passic, Evocative, and Active: What are the differences
Passive: The things that happen to you . Evocative: Infleunce of perrs and other people in your life based on your geneticcomposition, and Active: The cjhoices you make based on your genetics
28
We have 2 babies in the hospital. Both are born with the biological predisposition to depression. One is pretty and one is ugly .
Pretty baby is treated well by everyone, has the Halo efect, has friends, gets self esteem and is respected and eventually makes choices based on her friends that treated her a crtain way due to her looks.THe other baby grows up and gets bullied and is isolated. She believes she is ugly and therefore, unworthy, and develops depression.
29
Explain epigenesis
When there is no change in the structure of the genes, but the function of those genes changes based on the experience of the individual
30
Stages of development: When is the germinal stage
Up to 2 weeks
31
Stages of development: When is the Embryonic period
2/3 weeks til 8 weeks
32
Stages of development:
Week 9 to birth
33
Stages of development: When are the ectoderm, mezoderm, and macroderm formed?
Embryonic
34
What stage do the xital organs begin to form?
Embryonic
35
Stages of development: What does the Ecoderm layer become?
Hair, nervous tissue, and outer skin
36
Stages of development: What does the mesoderm turn into?
Becomes muslces, bones, and circulatory system
37
Stages of development: What does teh Endoterm turn into?
Digestive system and lungs
38
Which period is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens?
Embryonic
39
Whenis the theshhold of viability?
22-28 weeks
40
Babies [refer aste and sounds that were presented to themin utero
True!
41
Thalidomide
Causes abnormal fetal development
42
What are the principles of damage that teratogens can do?
1. The impact of a teratoen depends on the genes of the organism
2. The impact of teratogens changes over the course of development
3. Teratogen damage is specific to areas in the fetus
4. The impact of a teratogen depends on the dose
5. Not always detectable at birth
43
If the teratogen is exposed during the embryonic period, there are often major structural defects to the individual when born
true
44
When the teratogen is exposed during the zygote, there is often instant death
true
45
When teratogen is evposed to fetus
The effects are either not shown at birth or are internal.
46
What is genetic counsellingq
When the counsellor looks for genetic diseases and heritible diseases in fetuses
47
Amniocentesis
When a needle is inserted into abdomen and a sample of amniotic fluid is samplewd
At 16 weeks conception
Higher risk of miscarriage because of interference
48
t/f: if the mom's postpartum depression lasts a long time, it canmake the kid have attachment issues of have antisocial behavior
True
49
what are the two different asessments for the baby ?
Apgar and NBAS (NBAS is more comprehensive than Apgar)
50
Viewing nearby objects as moving across our visual field faster than those at a distance
Motion Parallax
51
What is retinal disparity
the l and r eyes view things differently
52
what are the three componenets of attention
Orienting network, alerting, and executive
53
What does the orienting network o
Selects which slimuli to focus on
54
What does the alerting networdk do
Keeping a child's attention procesesprepared, ready to respond to stimuli
55
What does the evecutive network do
Monitors thoughts and feelngs and responses in conflict situations
56
Timmy knows that his dog bark and licks his face. Timmy goes to his frends' house and their dog acts the same way. This alligns with Timmy's beliefs about dogs and he incorporate this into his knowledge base
Assimlation
57
Timmy is surprised when he sees a cat because he had initially assumed it was a a dog because it had4 legs.
Accomodiation
58
What is equilibration
When a child reorgnizes her theories about something to make it all make sense
59
this view says that the mind is a computer that processes information serially
Information processing Model
60
What are the elements of the atkinson shiffrin model of memory
Sensory, working, and long term
61
What are the 2 subtypes of lng term memory
Procedural and Declarative
62
What phase: No actual relationship, baby does not have a preference for anyone
Preattachment
63
What phase: Baby prefers carefivers but has no separation anxiety
Attachement-in-the-makin
64
What phase: Separation Anxiety, Relies on caregiver for all things
Clear-cut attachment
65
Reciprocol relationship
Able to get over stress of a parent being gone
66
In the stranger experiment, the baby is unconcerned when the parents leave and gets comfort from toys, not the person. What attachment style is this?
Insecure-Avoidant
67
In the stranger experiment, the baby freaks out when the parent leaves and is very upset even whwn the parent comes back
Insecure-resistant
68
In this strange situation, the baby is confused, doesn't know how to deal with the stress and is distressed
Disorganized attachment
69
Which attachment style is the most maladaptive?
Disorganized, because this is oftne caused by disorganized parenting (the baby does not know how mom will react and can't act properly back) and disorganized
70
What traits are specific to kids who have a lot of resiliency
Having a close relationship with an adult and having personality (optismism, intelligene, ego control, no overreact)
71
how do we know that animals do not have cutural transmissiion, even though we can see animals washing fruits?
The behavior ne ver imroved upon itself, the speed of thee behavior never improved
72
What is mimicry?
Repeating an exact behavior without any understanding of why you do it
73
What is goal emulation
observing another performing a task with an item to achieve a goal and using the same object in a different way to achieve the goal (eg a chid seeing mom using tape to stick his drawing to the wall. Instead of pulling off a small piece of tape, he pulls off a foot wads and uses it to stick it to the wall
74
Imitative learning
Preproducing the exact same behavior to achieve the exact same goal
75
What is mutual imitation
Smiling or cooing in response to carefiver also smiling
76
Why do kids overimitate?
Because they assume that the adukt must know something they dont know and assume they have their best interests at heart
77
What did the national geographic study show?
Chimps engage in emulation of behavior, but use different means to achieve a same goal,
But humans are different because children assume that adults will faithfully teach them what they need to know.
78
what is reciprocol determinism
Children are influencini their environment just as much as the environment is influencing them
79
What is self efficacy and its difference between that and self esteem
Viewing yourself as an effective human. Self esteem depends on self efficacy in certin things
80
When do babies tell the difference between all language phonemes
up until 9 months
81
What is Preceptual Narrowing
When you synaptically prune the unnecessary stuff so that you only understand the phonemes of your languag
82
When do you get your first words
10-13 months
83
When is fast mapping
18-24 motnths
84
When are overextenion and underextention grammatical errors more common?
When fast mapping
85
When do kids master telegraphic speech
24 months
86
What is telegraphic speech
Not using prepositions and only using essential words
87
What is metalinguistic awareness
When you have the ability to analyze and reflect on the structure of language, separate from its meaning
(understanding puns, sarcasm, and double meanings)
88
Beng aware that your actions impact the world around you is the ___ self
"I"
89
Having concious awareness of the self as distinct from others. It is an explicit sense of the world and emerges at 8 months
The "Me" self
90
Infantile amnesia
We don't remember anything before age 3.
We don't have a self concept until age 2
--This is why we don't have memories from before age 3.
91
Significance of the red dot test (add in months)
Mom puts a red dot on the baby’s face, then puts them in front of a mirror. If the baby tries to wipe it away on their head, they have a form of self concept. If they try to wipe off the mirror dot, they don’t have self-awareness.
18 m. couldnt. 24 m. could.
92
What is the early childood self concept characterized by ?
Focusing on unchanging aspects of themselves
93
5-7 year old's self concepts
More likely to mention emotions when talking about themselves
Mention what social groups they belong in
94
Adolesncence sence of identity
Includes attitudes, has a focus on psychological characteristics, and acknowledges that their self concept is variable and is future orientated
95
Preschoolers understand concrete stuff so their identity is tied to that concrete stuff
true
96
Older kids start to identify with social groups and compare themselves to others
true
97
Adolescents understand abstract concepts and focus on that; persnoality, ambitions, futures, etc.
true.
98
Personal Fable
Teenager's tendency to believe that their experiences are completely unque and no one feels the same thing that they do or has been through the same things
99
What are the different stages of identity formation
Diffusion, Forecloseure, Identity Moratorium, and Achievement
100
Diffusion
When adolescents don't have an identity and aren't doing anything about it
101
Foreclosure
When adolescents have an identity chucked on them by an adult
102
Identity Moratorium
Wehen adolescents are still examining different alternatives to their identity but don't have one
103
Achievement
When adolescents found their identity (These do not occur in sequence)
104
It is harder for minority children to develop an identiy in a country especially when they are adopted into an opposite-race family
true
105
Adolescnets who have achieved ethnic identity and made peace with it have higher self esteem and have better relationship with fam, friends, and self
true
106
What are the stages of gender identity?
Gender identity
Gender Stability
Gender Consistency
Gender Constancy
107
What is gender identity
Age 2
Idetnify others as “boy” or “girl”
Based on actions and activities and hairstyles that classify gender
Don’t think that gender is permanent.
If Bob is wearing blue, he is a boy. If he puts on a pink shirt, he is now a girl.
108
What is gender stability
Age 5
Believe that their gender is unchangeable but that another’s sex is changeable.
E.g. A 5 year old may think that his brother, who is wearing a dress is now a girl ,but knows that he, himself is a boy.
109
What is gender consistency
Knowing that their own gender is their own, and others are permanent. This is also gender constancy
110
young kids have rigid gender steryotypes
This is in the beginning of elementary, then lose it, then these come back in adolescence
111
what is the social learning theory of gender
Identidying the parts of the environment sends children about maleness and femaleness
If a boy and a girl watch TV where the dad is the breadwinner and the mom is making his dinner, the kids are likely to assume these roles
Chores are often gendered.
Girl doing the dishes, boy doing lawnmowing
Can schools enforce socialization of gender
If a school as more funding for male sports teams, it sends a message to girls that sports are not meant for them
112
Are monkeys capable of moral behavior?
vervet monkeys
They make alarm clock noises when scared, to warn fellow monkeys at predators, but they actually make it more likely for the predator to come after them.
113
Which brain regions are associated with empathy?
Ventromedial cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and mirror neurons
114
what is moral realism
Heteronormous morality
Rules are absolute and unchangeable
115
What is moral relativism
Autonomous morality
Children understanding that perople create rules to get along and that rules can be changed
116
Morality of cooperation
The same as moral relativism and that people work together for the better of society
117
what are the 2 substages of the preconventional level
Punishment vs. Obedience
and
Instrumental purpose
118
What is the punishment vs. Obedience perspective of postconventional morality>
Behave morally to avoid punishment
The stick
119
What is instrumental purpose in the postconventional perspective?
Focus on behaving morally to be rewarded. It is focusing on external rewards.
The carrot
120
What are the 2 substages of conventional morality
the Good boy/ good girl stage
and
maintaining social order stage
121
What is the good boy/good girl stage of conventional moraltity?
Wanting people to think of them as a good person
122
What is the maintaining social order stage of conventional morality
Being moral because it is your civic duty to do so
123
Which stage: :
“The principle of stealing is wrong because it is wrong to take someone else’s stuff. If I stole bread to feed my family, that would be right.
Understanding universal ethical principes
Understands social contract morality
Laws and rules that are meant to further humanity
Postconventional
124
What is Gillian's theory of moral development
Focus on care as the basis for moral reasoning. (both males and females)
125
What are the threee components of Turiel's social domain theory
Social conventions, personal preferences, and rules that everyone shoudl follow
126
Social conventions (what are)
customs determined by group consensus (like table manners). Ritualistic
127
The domains of social judgement are:
Moral transgressions, social conventions, and personal domain
128
What is prosocial behavior
Actions that benefit others – not just the self
Altruism is prosocial behavior that helps another with no expectation of direct benefit to the helper.
129
what are the 2 types of empathy
Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand another's emotions.
Affective empathy is the ability to actually feel the other person's emotions.
130
what are the three types of aggression
Instrumental (to get something)
Hostile (unprovoked)
Reactive (reactive)
Relational (Gossip)
131
What things make kids aggressive?
Monitoring refers to parents' knowledge of where their children are, what they’re doing, and whom they’re with.
Children are more likely to be aggressive when parents use physical punishment, don't monitor them, or constantly argue and fight.
Authoritarian is associated with higher rates of aggression
When love withdrawal is used as a punishment, it leads to more aggression
Kids who engage in proactive aggression have inflated self esteem
Physical aggression is highest in early childhood; verbal aggression is highest in mid childhood and adolescence.
132
What did the fishy cracker study show?
14 months have worse theory of mind than 18 month olds
133
true or false: It is easier for kids to acknowledge that other people have desires to do something, but hard to realize they have different knowledge to them
true
134
If a kid fails the smartie false belief task, it means:
They have not mastered theory of mind thinking. (3 year olds will fail, but 4 pass)
135
why do 3 year olds often fail the sally-anne task?
They don't have dual representation and poor executive function
136
What is dual representative
The need to represent 2 things at once
137
What things impact kid's theory of mind
Language skills
maternal warmth
Maternal emotive expression ("I feel sad..etc.)
The more adults than children interact = better
If deception is the motive, they will put more thought into it and perform better
138
What are the 4 periods of the Mind-reading system?
Intentionality Detecting
Eye-direction detector
Shared attention on something
Theory of mind
139
the reverse rouge test shows what?
Kids will lie to preserve someone's feelings
140
What does the temptation-resistance paradigm prove?
Most kids cheat and most of them lie about it. the 3 year olds immediately confessed.
Of the liars, 3/4 gave themeslves away by giving info they would only know if they had cheated
16% said idk
10% made up a new story to cover their lie
141
Semantic Leakage Control
Keeping oneself away from giving away the truth (the abilty to maintain consistency between statements during deception
142
What are the compoenents to a successful lie?
1: First order theory of mind
(Creating a false belief in someone else's mind)
2: Second-order theory of mind
(Understanding what the other person expects you to know)
143
When does second order theory of mind emerge?
6 yr
144
Kids who have good second-order theory of mind...
.... will also be better liars
145
What are the 5 cognitive abilities associated with better executive functioning
Speed of processing, memory, attention span, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility
146
What test is used to test cognitive flexibility in kiids?
Dimentional card sort test.
