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Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is dying?

A

A process where one is still alive and conscious, which can involve significant pain and suffering.

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2
Q

What is being dead?

A

A condition or state that does not involve conscious episodes, described as an ‘experiential blank’ by John Martin Fischer.

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3
Q

What is death?

A

An event occurring at a specific time that intervenes between dying and being dead, also an ‘experiential blank’ (cf. Plato).

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4
Q

What is the difference between definition and criteria of death?

A

Definition states the nature or essence of death (what is it?), while criteria indicate the presence of something (e.g., signs of death).

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5
Q

List the three main criteria of death.

A
  • heart-lung
  • higher brain
  • whole brain
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6
Q

What does Socrates suggest about death in Plato’s Phaedo?

A

Death is the separation of soul and body, with being dead representing the attainment of this separation.

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7
Q

What is the heart-lung criterion of death?

A

The irreversible cessation of an individual’s circulatory and respiratory functions.

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8
Q

Why is the heart-lung criterion not useful in modern times?

A

It is not useful in an age of artificial respirators, as one can maintain heart and lung function in a PVS patient.

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9
Q

What is the higher brain criterion of death?

A

The irreversible cessation of the higher functions of an individual’s brain.

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10
Q

What is the whole brain criterion of death?

A

The irreversible cessation of all functions of an individual’s entire brain.

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11
Q

According to Epicurus, why should we believe that death is nothing to us?

A

Because all good and evil lies in sensation, and death is the end of sensation.

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12
Q

Why does James Rachels argue that biological death is bad?

A

Because it puts an end to one’s biographical life.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Death is considered bad if one does have a _______.

A

[biographical life]

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14
Q

True or False: The higher brain criterion relies on the distinction between biological and biographical life.

A

True

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What is the penalty under the Offences Against the Person Act (1861) for a pregnant woman performing an abortion?

A

Life imprisonment.

The act also imposes the same penalty on the person performing the abortion.

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17
Q

According to the Canadian Criminal Code (1893), when is abortion permitted?

A

To save the life of the mother.

This was a significant limitation on abortion practices at the time.

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18
Q

What aspect of criminal law did the Criminal Law Amendment Act (1968) address?

A

It dealt with many aspects, including parole, customs, tariffs, national defence, marijuana, and drunk driving.

Abortion was still classified as a crime under this act.

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19
Q

Under section 251 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act (1968), what are the conditions under which abortion is allowed?

A

If performed in an accredited hospital and certified by a panel of 3 doctors that pregnancy threatens the life of the mother.

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20
Q

When does a child become a human being according to section 223 of the Criminal Code?

A

When it has completely proceeded, in a living state, from the body of its mother.

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21
Q

What was the outcome of the Morgentaler Decision (1988)?

A

Section 251 was struck down as it conflicted with section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Section 7 guarantees the right to life, liberty, and security of the person.

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22
Q

What was the ruling in the Daigle Case (1989) regarding a father’s right to prevent an abortion?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that a father has no right to prevent a mother from having an abortion.

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23
Q

In the Sullivan-Lemay Case (1991), what was the decision regarding the midwives charged in the death of a child?

A

Acquitted; the child was not considered a ‘person’ under the Criminal Code.

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24
Q

What was the outcome of the Drummond Case (1996) involving a woman charged with attempted murder for shooting her near-term fetus?

A

Acquitted of attempted murder but guilty of not providing the necessities of life to a baby.

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25
What was the decision in the Manitoba 'Glue Sniffing Case' (1996) regarding the unborn child?
The law does not recognize the unborn child as a legal person possessing rights.
26
What are some decisive moments theories regarding when personhood begins?
* Implantation * Brain functioning * Sentience * Quickening * Viability * Birth * Conception
27
What is the significance of implantation in the context of personhood?
Occurs typically at 2 weeks after conception, when the zygote sends hormonal signals to the mother.
28
According to Baruch Brody, when does personhood begin?
When there is a functioning human brain (40-43 days).
29
What does sentience refer to in the context of personhood?
The ability to sense and have experiences as a conscious being, typically around 3-6 months.
30
What is quickening?
The time when the mother first feels the fetus move, approximately 16 weeks.
31
What does the term 'gradualism' refer to in the context of personhood?
The idea that personhood develops gradually rather than at a specific moment.
32
True or False: The Criminal Code recognizes the unborn child as having the same rights as a born person.
False. ## Footnote The law does not recognize the unborn child as a legal person with rights.
33
What is the viability of a fetus?
The time at which the fetus can survive outside the womb independently of mother, possible after 20 weeks ## Footnote World Health Organization guidelines indicate this timeframe.
34
How does medical technology affect fetal viability?
Viability varies according to the state of medical technology ## Footnote Singer's observations highlight this variability.
35
What is the 'violinist argument'?
A thought experiment questioning the morality of abortion based on location and circumstance ## Footnote Peter Singer discusses this in Practical Ethics.
36
When does a child become a human being according to the Canadian Criminal Code?
When it has completely proceeded, in a living state, from the body of its mother ## Footnote Reference to section 223 of the Canadian Criminal Code.
37
What is the moral equivalence issue regarding fetuses and newborns?
The debate on whether both should be considered persons or neither should be considered persons.
38
What do Giubilini and Minerva argue about moral status?
Both fetuses and newborns do not have the same moral status as actual persons ## Footnote Discussed in their work 'After-Birth Abortion' (2012).
39
What does the view on personhood at conception state?
Personhood beings at conception; the entity is genetically human with potential to function as a person.
40
What are some arguments against personhood at conception?
Not functioning as a person, not sentient or conscious, not viable, and twinning.
41
What is the distinction between being human and being a person?
Being human is satisfied by biological classification, while being a person meets specific criteria.
42
What is the concept of a person according to functionalism?
A being possessing the concepts of experience, temporal order, and identity over time.
43
What is the implication of not becoming an actual person?
If a potential person does not become an actual person, then there is no actual or future person who can be harmed.
44
What is the conception argument regarding abortion?
The unborn entity is fully human at conception, and killing it is prima facie wrong.
45
What is the traditional medical ethics distinction?
Intentional vs. Unintentional Death and Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Treatment.
46
What does the equivalence thesis in euthanasia imply?
It suggests that there is no moral difference between active and passive euthanasia.
47
What is the bare difference argument in euthanasia?
It argues that the difference in outcomes between active and passive euthanasia does not affect the moral status.
48
What is euthanasia?
A deliberate act undertaken with the intention of ending a person’s life to relieve that person’s suffering.
49
What are the distinctions in traditional medical ethics regarding euthanasia?
* Voluntary vs. Non-Voluntary * Death Intended vs. Unintended * Ordinary vs. Extraordinary * Passive vs. Active * Death Imminent vs. Non-Imminent
50
What is the common sense approach to ordinary and extraordinary treatment?
* Ordinary: common and inexpensive * Extraordinary: rare and expensive
51
What defines ordinary treatment in the stipulative approach?
No excessive expense, pain, or inconvenience; offers reasonable hope of benefit.
52
What defines extraordinary treatment in the stipulative approach?
Excessive expense, pain, or inconvenience; no reasonable hope of benefit.
53
What characterizes ordinary treatment in the natural-artificial approach?
Means of sustaining life doesn’t have as its direct intention the cure of a pathological condition.
54
What characterizes extraordinary treatment in the natural-artificial approach?
Means of sustaining life has as its direct intention the cure of a pathological condition.
55
What is the equivalence thesis regarding active and passive euthanasia?
There is no morally relevant difference between killing and letting die.
56
What are some counterexamples to the equivalence thesis?
* Always vs. Sometimes * Active vs. Passive Causes * Duty to Help vs. Duty Not to Harm * Medicine vs. Schmedicine * Cutting vs. Punching
57
What are the two views on the morality of euthanasia?
* Libertarian View * Traditional View
58
What is the dreamless coma argument in the libertarian view?
The choice between dying now and lapsing into a dreamless coma and dying ten years from now is indifferent.
59
What does the bare difference argument suggest?
If the difference between killing and letting die were morally important, then the behaviors would not be equally bad.
60
What is the mercy argument in the context of active euthanasia?
If Active E is the only alternative to unremitting suffering, then Active E is permissible.
61
What is the best interests argument in the libertarian view of euthanasia?
If something promotes the best interests of everyone concerned, it is permissible.
62
What does the golden rule argument state in the context of euthanasia?
We should treat others as we ourselves would like to be treated in the same circumstances.
63
What distinguishes active euthanasia from passive euthanasia?
* The direct cause of death is different. * The intent is different.
64
Under what conditions is passive euthanasia sometimes morally permissible?
* Voluntary * Death is imminent * Treatment foregone is ordinary * Death is foreseen but unintended
65
What is anthropocentrism in environmental ethics?
We care about the environment because it affects us, such as through pollution and climate change.
66
What is the moral basis for obligations to the environment?
We have obligations to the environment because we have obligations to future human beings.
67
What is Anthropocentrism?
A belief that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world.
68
What is the Reciprocity objection to Anthropocentrism?
Future people cannot act reciprocally; we can benefit them, but they can’t benefit us.
69
What does the Non-Identity objection to Anthropocentrism entail?
There is no definitive set of future people to whom we have obligations.
70
What is the challenge of Deriving Obligations in the context of future people?
How do we determine what obligations we have to future people?
71
What is the motivation behind Environmental Ethics?
Animals exist within the natural environment; treating them destructively can indirectly impact us.
72
What is the moral basis of Animalism?
We have obligations to the environment because we have obligations to non-human animals.
73
What is a common objection to Animalism regarding individualism?
Animalism is too individualistic; we are also concerned with species and ecosystems.
74
What is a bizarre consequence of obligations to alleviate animal suffering?
Are we obliged to stop predators from killing their prey?
75
What does the motivation behind the perspective of All Living Things suggest?
If there is a single tree left standing, would it be wrong to cut it down?
76
What is Albert Schweitzer's view on living things?
All living things have a 'will to live' that we shouldn’t interfere with or extinguish.
77
What is the moral basis for obligations to all living individuals?
We have obligations to the environment because we have obligations to all living individuals.
78
What is the First Nations perspective on the relationship with Earth?
A profound spiritual connection to Mother Earth guides indigenous peoples to practice reverence, humility, and reciprocity.
79
What is a necessity of life objection in the context of All Living Things?
We must destroy many living things simply in order to live.
80
What does 'Having-A-Life' imply regarding value in the natural world?
If 'having a life' is the primary value, there is a hierarchy of value in the natural world.
81
What is Aldo Leopold's proposal for a 'land ethic'?
Stop treating the land as a mere object or resource.
82
How does Aldo Leopold define land?
Land isn’t mere soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through soils, plants, and animals.
83
What is the moral basis for obligations to the land?
We have obligations to the environment because we have obligations to the land.
84
What is an objection related to the Is-Ought Fallacy?
The Is-Ought Fallacy questions the transition from descriptive statements to prescriptive obligations.
85
What does the term 'Environmental Fascism' refer to?
A criticism of extreme environmentalism that prioritizes ecological concerns over human needs.
86
What is the Gaia Hypothesis?
A theory suggesting that the Earth and its biological systems behave as a single, self-regulating entity.
87
Who stated, 'The term is over: the holidays have begun'?
Clive Staples Lewis.

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