Psychology

Question 1

What is the definition of marginalization in psychology?

Answer 1

Being pushed to the edges of society, often with less access to resources and power

Marginalization can lead to various psychological effects, including low self-esteem and chronic stress.

Question 2

What are the effects of marginalization?

Answer 2

Low self-esteem, chronic stress, identity loss

These effects can significantly impact mental health and overall well-being.

Question 3

At how many levels does discrimination operate according to key concepts?

Answer 3

4 levels

The levels are internalized, interpersonal, institutional, and structural.

Question 4

How does chronic poverty-related stress affect brain development?

Answer 4

It affects brain development negatively

Chronic stress can lead to structural changes in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus.

Question 5

What is dendritic branching?

Answer 5

New connections in the brain

This process is part of neuroplasticity, allowing the brain to adapt and form new pathways.

Question 6

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 6

Removal of unused connections

This process helps in refining neural networks, making them more efficient.

Question 7

What is neurogenesis?

Answer 7

Creation of new neurons

Neurogenesis is a vital aspect of brain development and recovery.

Question 8

What was the key finding of the study by Luby et al. (2013)?

Answer 8

Low SES leads to more stress and a smaller hippocampus

A smaller hippocampus is linked to issues in memory and learning.

Question 9

What is the relationship between positive parenting and hippocampal size?

Answer 9

Positive parenting is associated with a larger hippocampus

This suggests that supportive environments can foster better cognitive development.

Question 10

How does poverty influence the risk of depression?

Answer 10

Increases risk due to more stress and fewer protective factors

This creates a cycle that can exacerbate mental health issues.

Question 11

What is the Vulnerability Model?

Answer 11

Risk factors + lack of support = greater depression

This model highlights the importance of social support in mitigating mental health issues.

Question 12

What percentage of depressed women had a major stress event according to Brown & Harris (1978)?

Answer 12

90%

This statistic emphasizes the link between stress and depression.

Question 13

What are key risk factors for depression identified in studies?

Answer 13

• Loss of parent
• No close confidant
• Unemployment

These factors can significantly increase vulnerability to depression.

Question 14

What is a key idea regarding marginalized communities and trauma?

Answer 14

They experience more trauma and have fewer coping resources

This disparity can lead to higher rates of PTSD.

Question 15

What does cognitive appraisal refer to?

Answer 15

How we mentally frame events affects PTSD risk

This concept is crucial in understanding individual responses to trauma.

Question 16

What was the finding of Garrison (1995) regarding PTSD in different demographics?

Answer 16

PTSD is higher in Black and Hispanic teens post-hurricane

This highlights the impact of social context on mental health outcomes.

Question 17

Who are the researchers associated with Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

Answer 17

Tajfel & Turner

Their work laid the foundation for understanding group dynamics and identity.

Question 18

What are the mechanisms of Social Identity Theory?

Answer 18

• Social categorization
• Social identification
• Social comparison
• Positive distinctiveness

These mechanisms explain how individuals relate to their social groups.

Question 19

What is out-group homogeneity?

Answer 19

Believing members of other groups are ‘all the same’

This belief reinforces stereotypes and can lead to discrimination.

Question 20

What is in-group favoritism?

Answer 20

Preference for one’s own group, often without realizing it

This bias can affect decision-making and social interactions.

Question 21

What did the study by Park & Rothbart (1982) reveal about sorority girls?

Answer 21

They rated their own group as more unique and favorable

This illustrates the concept of in-group favoritism.

Question 22

What is implicit bias?

Answer 22

Unconscious biases shaped by past exposure, affecting decisions and behavior

These biases can operate without an individual’s awareness.

Question 23

What was the finding of Bertrand & Mullainathan (2004) regarding job callbacks?

Answer 23

White names received 50% more callbacks than Black names

This study highlights racial bias in hiring practices.

Question 24

What did Phelps et al. (2000) find about amygdala activity?

Answer 24

Higher activity when white participants saw Black faces

This response is linked to implicit bias and fear responses.

Question 25

What is Realistic Group Conflict Theory?

Answer 25

Conflict arises from competing for limited resources ## Footnote This theory explains intergroup hostility and competition.

Question 26

What was the Robber’s Cave Experiment about?

Answer 26

Groups developed hostility but later reduced it through superordinate goals ## Footnote This experiment illustrated how shared goals can unite conflicting groups.

Question 27

How does empathy relate to virtual reality according to Herrera et al. (2018)?

Answer 27

VR increases emotional empathy and action ## Footnote This suggests that immersive experiences can enhance understanding and support for others.

Question 28

What does the Contact Hypothesis propose?

Answer 28

Prejudice is reduced when groups cooperate under specific conditions ## Footnote Conditions include equal status, common goals, no competition, and institutional support.

Question 29

What are the stages of Critical Consciousness according to Freire/Diemer?

Answer 29

* Awareness * Exploration * Empowerment * Action ## Footnote This framework is aimed at building resilience and capacity for social change in marginalized youth.