Psychology 2

Question 1

automated motor learning

Answer 1

cerebellum

Question 2

information processing theory

Answer 2

1. thinking
2. analysis of stimuli
3. situational modification

Question 3

schema

Answer 3

pattens of thought used to create categories of information/behavior + to understand the relationships that exist among categories
→ speed up processing
→ can create bias

Question 4

sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

0-2 → coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity, language used for demands + cataloguing, object permanence developed

Question 5

concrete operational stage

Answer 5

7-11 → concrete thinking, space + time + quantity understood and applied but not as independent concepts

Question 6

formal operational stage

Answer 6

11+ → theoretical + hypothetical + counterfactual thinking, abstract logic + reasoning, strategy + planning become possible, concepts learned in one context can be applied to another

Question 7

memory + age

Answer 7

procedural memory = stable

working memory = significant decline

semantic memory = stable

Question 8

mental set

Answer 8

predetermined mental framework to approaching a problem

Question 9

representative heuristic

Answer 9

making determinations on probability of an event under uncertainty → reliance on prototypes/stereotypes

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

availability in memory (whatever comes to a persons mind first)

Question 11

anchoring + adjustment heuristic

Answer 11

giving higher priority to first piece of info + framing subsequent info around it

Question 12

base rate fallacy

Answer 12

occurs when representative heuristics are used in error

Question 13

brain waves

Answer 13

beta (14-40 Hz) → awake/alert
alpha (9-13 Hz) → relaxed/meditating
theta (4-8 Hz) → light sleep
delta (0.5-3.9 Hz) → deep sleep

Question 14

reticular formation

Answer 14

in brain stem → stimulates prefrontal cortex to maintain alertness → consciousness

Question 15

dyssomnias

Answer 15

difficulties falling, staying or avoiding sleep

Question 16

parasomnias

Answer 16

abnormal movements, behaviors, perceptions or emotions during sleep

Question 17

Broca’s area

Answer 17

motor aspects of speech

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

language comprehension

Question 19

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 19

connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Question 20

emotional memory

Answer 20

explicit → conscious memory of having experienced the emotion

implicit → unconscious encoding + storage of the actual feeling

Question 21

limbic system

Answer 21

motivation + emotion

amygdala → implicit emotional memory

hippocampus → explicit emotional memory

thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callous, fornix, septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus

Question 22

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 22

1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion

Question 23

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 23

behavior motivated by evolutionary instincts

Question 24

arousal theory of motivation

Answer 24

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 25

needs based theories of motivation

Answer 25

Maslow's hierarchy of needs ERG theory self-determination theory → autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 26

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 26

primary drives → food, water, sex secondary drives → money, social status, fame Hull's drive reduction theory

Question 27

incentive theory of motivation

Answer 27

obtain rewards + avoid punishment

Question 28

cognitive theory of motivation

Answer 28

motivated by thinking, goals, expectations, perceptions + attributions expectancy-value theory

Question 29

attitude

Answer 29

cognitive → how you think affective (emotional) → how you feel behavioral → how you act

Question 30

functional attitudes theory

Answer 30

attitude serves three positive functions 1. knowledge → attitudes give us useful info 2. ego-expressive → attitudes help us express our identities 3. adaptive

Question 31

behavior + attitude

Answer 31

absent any strong external influences, attitude generally guides behavior stronger attitude → more quickly + directly it will influence behavior

Question 32

elaboration-likelihood model

Answer 32

persuading someone to change their attitudes → central route processing + peripheral route processing

Question 33

social cognitive theory of attitude change

Answer 33

attitudes changed based on observational learning

Question 34

characteristics model

Answer 34

attitude change best accomplished when characteristics of target, source, message + cognitive routes are considered

Question 35

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Answer 35

Question 36

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Answer 36

​pre-conventional: pre-adolescence → obedience + self-interest conventional: adolescence - adulthood → conformity + law and order post-conventional: adulthood → social contract + social human ethics

Question 37

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

Answer 37

Question 38

social identity theory

Answer 38

individuals derive significant pride + self-esteem from group memberships → people try to increase status of in-groups and discriminate against out-groups

Question 39

looking-glass self

Answer 39

self-concept largely influenced by how someone believes others view themselves

Question 40

self-perception theory

Answer 40

actions influence attitudes because people infer their attitudes by observing their own behavior

Question 41

preoperational stage

Answer 41

2- 7→ symbolic thinking, proper syntax + grammar, imagination + intuition, complex abstract thinking still difficult, conservation developed