Psychology Flashcards

Question

Explain Zajonc’s mode

Answer 1

Presence of others affect arousal, which affects performance - if a skill is poorly learnt, arousal causes an incorrect response because its dominant (early in performance curve) - if a skill is well learnt, arousal causes the correct dominant response (later in performance curve) Links to inverted-U-theory

Answer 2

Audience is perceived as evaluating the performance | Cheers and jeers cause anxiety which causes arousal

Answer 3

``` Stress management Mental rehearsal Selective attention Lowering importance of the situation Training with an audience present ```

Answer 4

Increased arousal levels Increased arousal heightens dominant habit Deterioration in performance of weaker players due to incorrect dominant response Improvement of stronger players due to correct dominant response Extroverts need stimulation to perform at optimum level, introverts need less Homefield advantage/disadvantage Significant others which make up crowd Proximity of crowd Distraction from the crowd- conflict theory

Answer 5

Attentional focus is important to the sportsperson, if disrupted they can be distracted from their task Audience and evaluation apprehension acts as a distraction

Answer 6

More teams win at home than away- 53-64% win Crowds can be supportive or hostile Hostility leads to anxiety which reduce performances Home environments are more familiar and comfortable which limits anxiety E.g. GB team won the more medals by 15%

Answer 7

``` Practice with an audience Selective attention Cognitive techniques Somatic techniques Decrease importance of events Social support from team members Increase self efficacy ```

Answer 8

``` A common goal Collective identity Structured patterns of communication Group unity Shared purpose Mutual independance ```

Answer 9

Suggested that a successful team is often more than the sum of individual talents Unsuccessful team in often less than sum of its individual talents ACTUAL PRODUCTIVITY= POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY- LOSSES DUE TO FAULTY PROCESSES

Answer 10

(Ringlemann effect) Breakdown in teamwork/strategies Performance of an individual may decrease as the group size increases

Answer 11

(Social loafing) Individual which loses motivation and withdraws effort from the game Prevents team co-ordination and inhibits team cohesion

Answer 12

``` Others in team not making effort Performance is never watched by the coach Low self confidence Negative experience/failure Task is too difficult ```

Answer 13

``` Select players less likely to social loaf Reward and give credit to success Set goals Clarify roles and responsibilities Punish social loafing Encouragement Reinforcement Good leadership ```

Answer 14

``` Decisive Ambition Motivated Charisma Experience Understanding Empathy Communication Vision ```

Answer 15

``` Success of team/individuals Player satisfaction Influence over behaviour Team cohesion Develop a motivational environement ```

Answer 16

EMERGENT Come from within the group Nominated or elected based on their skills and abilities PRESCRIBED Appointed by governing body or outside agency

Answer 17

``` Task orientated Make decisions quickly and effectively Authoritative Doesn’t take into account opinions Focused on achievement ```

Answer 18

Large groups | Dangerous situations

Answer 19

People orientated Shares decisions with group Delegates responsibility Interested in relationships

Answer 20

No time constraints Co-active games Where personal support is required

Answer 21

Leader which stands aside and allows the group to make decisions independently Can result in a loss of group direction if leader is inadequate

Answer 22

Trait Social learning Interactionist

Answer 23

Good leadership inherited by sons whose fathers have been successful Very inclonclusive

Answer 24

Leaders qualities and style Group characteristics Situational characteristics All contribute to effective leadership

Answer 25

Type of activity in which the group are involved ( co-active, interactive) Numbers involved in the team Time constraints Strength of opposition

Answer 26

Skill and experience of the leader | Personality of the leader

Answer 27

``` Age Gender Motivation Competence Experience ```

Answer 28

Required behaviour Preferred behaviour Actual behaviour

Answer 29

Antecedents Leader behaviour Consequences

Answer 30

Reasons performers give to their success or failure

Answer 31

Global | Specific

Answer 32

Achievement motivation HIGH ACHIEVERS- attribute success to internal factors and failure to unstable factors LOW ACHIEVERS- attribute success to external factors and failure to internal, stable factors

Answer 33

Locus of causality (internal external) Stability (stable unstable) * ability * effort * luck * task difficulty

Answer 34

Problem caused by continually attributing failure to internal and stable factors which can’t be changed Performers think that; Failure is inevitable What they do makes little difference to outcome Success is due to luck

Answer 35

Change tactics or blame failure on poor equipment Use a positive approach Avoid citing lack of ability as a reason for failure Make the reasons for failure less personal

Answer 36

``` Encourage them to take responsibility of their performance Attribute success internally Allow initial success Use positive feedback and reinforcement Explain early failure Make the activity fun and enjoyable ```

Psychology Flashcards

(60 cards)