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VCE GLOSSARY 🐋 > PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness:

A

Our awareness of internal and external environments at any given moment in time. Stream of thoughts, feelings and sensations that is ever changing and flowing. Psychological construct

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2
Q

Continuum of awareness

A 
Total awareness 
. Focussed attention: ignoring irrelevant stimuli  
. Ordinary wakefulness 
. Daydreaming 
. Meditation 
. Hypnosis 
. Sleep 
. Anaesthetised 
. Coma 
. Total lack of awareness
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3
Q

Normal waking consciousness:

A

a state of consciousness characterised by clear and organised alertness to internal and external stimuli. Eg. Focused attention

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4
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Malfunction of and deterioration to neurone which leads to impairment in movement.
- due to lack of dopamine

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5
Q

Symptoms Parkinson’s

A

Tremors. Speech and swallowing problems

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6
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa which is absorbed by the brains nerve cells and converted to dopamine

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7
Q

SELF CONTROL:

A

the ability to maintain and monitor appropriate thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
NWC
. awareness of self
. conscious ability to take control of behaviour
. some psychological and physical limitations
ASC
. self control is compromised EG. asleep, drunk

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8
Q

TIME ORIENTATION:

A

Ability to accurately estimate the passage of time
NWC
. perception of time is accurate
. awareness of past, present and future events
ASC
. sense of time is distorted ie time could be perceived to be moving quicker or slower

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9
Q

CONTENT LIMITATIONS:

A

the ability to control internal thoughts and feels is limited in an altered state of consciousness
NWC
. content is limited in type and amount, we can block information that we don’t want
. very few bizarre thoughts
ASC
. content is fairly unlimited mainly due to lack of control. Random and illogical.

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10
Q

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS:

A

The degree of awareness, efficiency and reality of sensory stimuli interpretation. If disturbed, interpretations cease to be as accurate and efficient
NWC
. sensations reflect reality
. perception is clear leading to heightened awareness of surroundings
ASC
. perception can be dulled or heightened
. can be distorted, losing their sense of identity

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11
Q

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

A

The degree of awareness, efficiency and reality of thoughts and mental processes if disturbed, they are seen as accurate and efficient
NWC
. cognition is usually logical and organised
. effective memory functioning
. capable of analytical and logical thinking
ASC
. cognition is illogical and fragmented
. memory is impaired
. cognitive distortions may occur eg thinking everyone is out for you

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12
Q

EMOTIONAL AWARENESS:

A

The way we experience and express emotion and our level of awareness and control in showing the normal range of appropriate emotions.
NWC
. show normal range of appropriate emotions
ASC
. emotional response tend to be inappropriate

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13
Q

bright light therapy.

A

For both jet lag
sufferers and teenagers, bright light therapy is most effective when given
first thing in the morning for at least 30 minutes. For people who work night
shift, bright light therapy is best when used just before their shift begins and
while they are at work. Shift workers could use bright light therapy first
thing in the morning when trying to resynchronise their sleep–wake cycle
with their external environment.

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14
Q

the brain

A

receives, processes and integrates information from the rest of the body and generates responses.

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15
Q

coping strategy

A

is a specific method, behavioural or psychological that people use to manage or reduce stress produced by the stressor

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16
Q

coping flexibility

A

refers to an individuals ability to adapt effectively to a range of stressful situations
various problem and emotion focused coping strategies

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17
Q

types of coping strategies

A

exercise: increases serotonin,
avoidance
. denial, procrastination, substance abuse, oversleeping
approach: attempting to decrease the stress by alleviating the problem

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18
Q

antecedent

A

stimulus conditions that exist in the environment prior to the response

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19
Q

experimental hypothesis

A 
A broad
and general prediction about the
direction of the relationship between
variables in an experiment; i.e.
whether the variables increase or
decrease in relation to one another
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20
Q

research (or operational)

hypothesis

A 
A hypothesis that
operationalises the variables by
precisely defining and describing
how each variable is measured, and
predicts the exact effect the IV is
expected to have on the DV
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21
Q

sample

A

The group of participants
in a research study selected from,
and representative of, a population of
research interest

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22
Q

extraneous variable

A

in an
experiment, a variable other than
the IV that might cause unwanted
changes in the DV

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23
Q

controlled variable

A 
An extraneous
variable whose influence has been
eliminated from an experiment so
that it cannot affect results; it has
been controlled
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24
Q

uncontrolled variable

A 
An
extraneous variable whose
influence has not been eliminated
from an experiment because the
experimenter was not aware of it
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25
confounding variable
``` An uncontrolled variable that has had an unwanted effect on the DV and might be confused with the effect of the IV ```
26
standardisation
Establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores
27
participant variables
``` Individual differences in the personal characteristics of research participants that, if not controlled, can confound the results of the experiment ```
28
order effect
``` Where prior knowledge of a task or situation influences a participant's performance, which in turn influences the results of the experiment; also known as the practice effect ```
29
counterbalancing
``` A method used to control order effect, where half the participants in an experiment are exposed to the control condition first and the other half are exposed to the experimental condition first; this is then reversed in the second instance ```
30
experimenter effect
``` Changes in participants' behaviour that are caused by the unintended influence of the experimenter rather than the IV ```
31
self-fulfilling prophecy
A prediction that prompts people to act in a way that makes the prediction come true
32
double-blind procedure
``` An experimental procedure where neither the experimenter nor the participants know which experimental condition the participants have been allocated to ```
33
placebo
A fake treatment that has no active effect, such as a fake pill or injection
34
placebo effect
Changes in behaviour caused by the participant's belief that they have been exposed to a treatment that will affect them in some way
35
single-blind procedure
``` An experimental procedure where participants do not know which experimental condition they have been assigned to, but the experimenter does ```
36
independent-groups design
An experimental design where participants are randomly allocated to either the experimental group or control group
37
matched-participants design
``` An experimental design where participants are paired (matched) on the basis of similar characteristics that can influence the DV, with one of the pair being allocated to the experimental group and the other to the control group ```
38
repeated-measures design
An experimental design method where the same group of participants makes up both the experimental and control groups
39
random sampling
``` A sampling technique ensuring that every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for the sample being used in a study ```
40
stratified sampling
A sampling technique that ensures the sample | contains the same proportions of participants that are found in the population
41
experimental group
in a controlled experiment, the group of participants that are exposed to the independent variable
42
convenience sampling
A sampling technique involving the selection of participants because they are readily available to the researcher
43
control group
in a controlled experiment, the group of participants | exposed to all conditions or variables except the independent variable
44
random allocation
``` A procedure for assigning participants to either the experimental group or control group in an experiment, ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of being allocated to either group ```
45
qualitative data
Data that describe the changes in the quality of a behaviour; often accounts of personal attitudes or experiences, or descriptions of feelings
46
quantitative data
Data collected through systematic and controlled procedures and presented in numerical form
47
case study
``` An in-depth, detailed study of all aspects of a single participant, group or event, usually undertaken to gain insight into a particular psychological phenomenon ```
48
observational studies
``` A method of data collection that involves watching and recording the behaviour of other persons or animals within a specific environment and drawing conclusions based on the recorded observations ```
49
observer effect
Changes in the behaviour of a person being observed caused by their awareness of the presence of an observer
50
deception
``` When information about the true purpose of a study is not given to participants before a study begins ```
51
debriefing
``` Informing participants of the true purpose of an experiment once it has ended; correcting mistaken attitudes or beliefs; providing the opportunity to gain information about the study; providing information about services to help with distress that is a result of participation ```
52
observer bias
``` Bias in results of an observational study that occurs when an observer sees what they expect to see, or records only selected details of an observed behaviour ```
53
self-report
``` A data-collection technique in which individuals are asked to freely express their attitudes (verbally or in writing) by answering questions ```
54
participants' rights.
``` The individual rights of all participants that must be respected by the researcher, as outlined in ethical guidelines relating to psychological research ```
55
confidentiality
``` A participant's right to privacy in terms of access, storage and disposal of information related to a research study in which they participated ```
56
withdrawal rights
``` A participant's right to withdraw from a study or research at any time without experiencing any negative consequences ```
57
voluntary participation
Participation whereby participants agree to take part in an experiment free from pressure or fear of negative consequences
58
informed consent
``` Where a participant gives their written consent to participate in a study after being fully informed of the true nature and purpose of the experiment (where appropriate), any foreseeable risks and their rights; this occurs before an experiment begins ```
59
Mental health
is often defined as the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment. This also means that they are functioning well in the usual domains of their everyday life: work, study and relationships.
60
Mental health problems
indicate a disruption to an individual's usual level of social and emotional wellbeing, including when our abilities are negatively impacted.
61
Resilience:
a person who has developed the ability to properly adapt to stress and cope with adversity
62
Mental disorder (illness)
is a psychological state characterised by emotional difficulties that lead to emotional or behavioural impairment or disability serious enough to require psychiatric intervention
63
Stress:
“A state of arousal involving unpleasant feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something is wrong or something bad is about to happen. Normal response to pressure
64
Anxiety:
state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of worry, dread or uneasiness that something is wrong or that something unpleasant is about to happen.
65
Phobia:
type so anxiety disorder recurring, unrealistic and intrusive fear of a particular object or event.
66
learning
a relatively permanent change in behaviour or behaviour potential due to experience
67
memory
an active information processing system, that receive, stores, organises and records information

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