Psychology-A Concise Introduction Sixth Edition: Chapter 2 Neuroscience

Question 1

What Is Our Brain Responsible For?

Answer 1

Perception, Consciousness, Memory, Language, Intelligence, & Personality (Everything that makes us human)

Question 2

About how much does the brain weigh?

Answer 2

3 pounds

Question 3

The brain consists of an estimated, how many Neurons?

Answer 3

100 billion

Question 4

What are nerve cells called?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

What is a genome?

Answer 5

THe entire sequence of nucleotides in your DNA

Question 6

The totality of connections between neurons in your nervous system is called :

Answer 6

Connectome

Question 7

A genome is _________ at conception. Your connectome ________ thorughout your life.

Answer 7

fixed, changes

Question 8

The human brain is the most _________ device in the known universe. Therefore it’s ________ may never be completely understood.

Answer 8

Complex, Complexity

Question 9

The scientific study of the brain and nervous system.

Answer 9

Neuroscience

Question 10

Cellular building blocks of the nervous system

Answer 10

Neurons

Question 11

The seat of higher mental functioning in humans

Answer 11

The cerebral Cortex

Question 12

A natural break from consciousness

Answer 12

sleep

Question 13

Humans are _______ ________.

Answer 13

Biological Organisms

Question 14

How we feel, perceive, learn, remember and think all stem from _________ ________.

Answer 14

Neural Activity

Question 15

Crucial pieces of the puzzle of human behavior and mental processes.

Answer 15

How neurons communicate and how they work

Question 16

2 types of cells that the brain and nervous system are composed of.

Answer 16

Neurons & Glial cells

Question 17

Responsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system.

Answer 17

Neurons

Question 18

Neurons ________, _______ & _________ information within the brain and the rest of the nervous sustem.

Answer 18

Recieve, Send & Integrate

Question 19

Glia is “greek” for what

Answer 19

glue

Question 20

They constitute the support system for the neurons

Answer 20

Glial cells

Question 21

Glial Cells take away waste products, keep the chemical environment stable and insulate ________. Allowing them to do their work more efficiently.

Answer 21

Neurons

Question 22

What is the overall ratio of neurons to glial cells in the brain? This ratio ________ across different parts of the brain.

Answer 22

1:1 , differs

Question 23

Glail cells communicate with Neurons but also communicate with each other in a ________ yet_____ network to the neural network

Answer 23

seperate, parallel

Question 24

Cells that transmit information within the nervous system

Answer 24

Neurons

Question 25

Cells in the nervous system that omprise the suppport system for the neurons.

Answer 25

Glial cells (glia)

Question 26

Appear to influence the formation of neural connections to aid in determining which neural onnections get stronger or weaker over time.

Answer 26

Glail Cells

Question 27

Glail cells may p9lay ian important role in mental disorders such as __________ and ___________, and in ______________ _______ such as ____________ and ___________.

Answer 27

Schizophrenia, Depression, Neurodegeneratiive disease, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's

Question 28

Neurons are srill viewed as the::

Answer 28

most important cells for communication within the human nervous system.

Question 29

They all have the same basic parts and sturcture and they all operate the same way.

Answer 29

Neurons

Question 30

3 main components of a neuron

Answer 30

dendrites, cell body & Axon

Question 31

The fibers that project our of the cell body like the branches of a tree.

Answer 31

Dendrites

Question 32

What is the main function of a dendrite?

Answer 32

To receive information from other neurons, passing it on to the cell body.

Question 33

It contains the nucleus of the cell and the other biological machinery that keeps the cell alive.

Answer 33

Cell body

Question 34

It decides if it should pass information on to other neurons from the dendrite by way o an Axon

Answer 34

Cell Body

Question 35

The long, singular fiber leaving the cell body

Answer 35

Axon

Question 36

What is the main function of an axon?

Answer 36

to conduct information from the cell body to the axon terminals in order to trigger the transmission of information with other neurons.

Question 37

The longest _______s going from spinal cord to the toes.

Answer 37

axon

Question 38

The process of how neurons commmunicate with one another ((and sometimes muscles and glands)) is partly _______ and partly _______.

Answer 38

electrical, chemical

Question 39

within a neuron it's __________ , and an acrtual elecrrical impulse is generated and travels down the axon.

Answer 39

elecrrical

Question 40

Comunication between neurons is _________

Answer 40

Chemical

Question 41

These don't actually touch each other when they are relaying messages amongst each other. They are separated by a microscopic gap that chemical molecules travel across to carry their message.

Answer 41

Neurons

Question 42

When does the electrical part of the neuronal commmunication story begin?

Answer 42

with the messages received by the dendrites from other neurons.

Question 43

When dendrites receive messages from neurons the inputs are either __________ or __________

Answer 43

Excitatory or Inhibitory

Question 44

telling the neuron to generate an electrical impulse

Answer 44

Excitatory impulse

Question 45

telling the neuron not to generate an electrical impulse

Answer 45

Inhibitory Impulse

Question 46

When will the cell body produce it's impulse

Answer 46

by continually calculating the impulses it decides when one of the impulses suffienciently outweighs the other

Question 47

When does the cell body generate the impulse?

Answer 47

If the excitatory input outweighs the inhibitory input by a sufficient amount.

Question 48

What is an all-or-nothing event?

Answer 48

It either happens or it doesnt

Question 49

The impulse travels from where to where and down what to get there?

Answer 49

From the cell body., down the axon, to the axon terminals.

Question 50

Does the impulse have different speeds of traveling depending on the intensity of the stimulus input?

Answer 50

no, always tavels at the same speed.

Question 51

The ________ of the ________ determines how many _________ generate _________ and he number of ______ that are generated each ))))) by the ________.

Answer 51

The INTENSITY of the STIMULI determines how many Neurons generate IMULSES and the number of IMPULSES that are generated each SECOND by the NEURONS.

Question 52

Stronger Stimuli (a slap rather than a pat) lead to more ______ generating _____ and generating those _____more often.

Answer 52

Neurons, Impulses Impulses

Question 53

The impulses in different neurons travel down the axon at carrying rates up to around how many piles per hour?

Answer 53

200

Question 54

An insulating layer covering an axon that allows for faster neural impulses

Answer 54

Myelin sheath

Question 55

The major factor that determines the impulse speed for a particular neron is whether :

Answer 55

its axon is encased in a myelin sheath as insulating layer of a white fatty substance.

Question 56

Coomposed of glial cells that wrap around the neuron's axon.

Question 57

without a myelin sheath isn't present?

Answer 57

The impulses travel slowly down the axon in a continuous fashion. Like burning down a stick of dynamite.

Question 58

When Myelin is present and the impulses move faster, how come?

Answer 58

They regenerate in the periodic gaps between Sheath where there is no Myelin

Question 59

Damage to this will cause serious problems

Answer 59

The Myelin sheath

Question 60

Multiple Sclerosis causes deterioration of the myelin sheath that encases neuronal axons. This means that impulses can no longer lep down the ____, or eventually even travel down it. ____

Answer 60

axon.. causing information transmission to be slowed.

Question 61

an unspecialized cell in the body that can develop into a specialized cell

Answer 61

Stem cell

Question 62

IT is responsible for th3 distinction between white matter and gray matter in the brain

Answer 62

Myelin

Question 63

White matter

Answer 63

Myelinated axons

Question 64

Gray Matter

Answer 64

Unmyelinated axons, ell bodies and dendrites

Question 65

a naturally occurring chemical in our nervous system that speci=iakizes in transmitting information

Answer 65

neurotransmitter