Psychology and Development Flashcards

Question

Low Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with every thing "bad" except

Answer 1

- Anxiety disorders and breast cancer in women (higher in high SES) - Bipolar disorders in both genders (higher in high SES)

Answer 2

- Parents perceive child as especially susceptible to illness or injury - Usually follows a serious illness or life-threatening event - Can result in missed school or overuse of medical services

Answer 3

- Considers wife his belonging - He is jealous or possessive - There are verbal assaults to his self-esteem

Answer 4

- Achieves object permanence

Answer 5

- Younger than 1 year of age - Stepchildren - Premature children - Very active - "Defective" children note: the abused child likely won't become a child abuser, but a child abuser was likely abused him/herself. Also the victims are more likely to become adult victims of abuse.

Answer 6

- Adolescent "growth spurt" (girls before boys) - Onset of sexual maturity (10+y) - Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 7

- Over 4 million annually - Domestic violence is th #1 cause of injury to American women - More frequent in families with drug abuse, especially alcoholism - If one attack occurs, more are likely - Hx/PE: multiple somatic complaints, frequent ER visits, and unexplained injuries with delayed medical Rx. Also the patient avoid eye-contact or act afraid or hostile. The partner who answers questions for the patient or refuses to leave the examination room is another clue

Answer 8

- Circle (3y) - Cross (4y) - Rectangle (4 and a half year) - Square (5y) - Triangle (6y) - Diamond (7y)

Answer 9

Unintended injuries

Answer 10

- Blocking: student unable to recall temporarily - Regression: involuntarily turning back the maturation clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with world (Enuresis, primitive behaviors) - Somatization: getting headache while taking an exam (somatoform disorders) - Introjection (identification): a teenager adopts the style and mannerisms of a rock star [unconscious copycat] (super-ego, professional education and psychotherapy) - Fixation: when an individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage (adults fixating on video games)

Answer 11

- African Americans have the highest rates from low birth weight and infections - Top 3 reasons of death are * Birth defects 24% * Low birth weight (1500g) and respiratory distress 18% * Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 16% - #1 killer for African Americans is low birth weight and SIDS is #2 - Native Americans have the highest SIDS rate

Answer 12

All causes are higher than whites except for suicide

Answer 13

- Feet in mouth (5mo) - Passes toys hand to hand (6mo) - Stands with help (8mo) - Disappearance of primitive reflexes (palmar [6mo]) - Rolls front to back (5mo) - Rolls and sits, and sits unassisted (6mo) - Crawls (8mo)

Answer 14

Congenital anomalies

Answer 15

All causes are the same as whites

Answer 16

- Used to quantify stressful life events - Death of spouse is weighed as the most stressful event - Correlation between stressful life events and developing illness is between +0.3 and +0.4

Answer 17

- Selfish and self-centered - Imitates mannerisms and activities - Recognizes self in mirror - "No" is a favorite word - Parallel play (recreation) (24-36mo) - Follows 2-step commands

Answer 18

- Over 2 million annually - Most common type is physical battery/neglect - Likely gender of victim before age of 5 is female and after age of 5 is male - Likely gender of perpetrator is female - It is mandatory reportable offense

Answer 19

- Previous suicide attempt and feeling of hopelessness are neck to neck the #1 risk factor - Family history of suicide and child abuse - History of mental illness (particularly clinical depression), alcohol and substance abuse and impulsive or aggressive tendencies - Male gender - Cultural and religious beliefs - Living alone - Isolation (a feeling of being cut off from other people) - Loss (relational, social, work or financial) - Barriers to accessing mental health Rx including unwillingness to seek help because of stigma - Physical illness - Easy access to lethal methods - Local epidemics of suicide

Answer 20

- Laughs and squeals (5mo) - Babbles (6mo) - Orients to voice (4mo) and then to name and gestures (9mo) - Object permanence (9mo) - Says "mama" and "dada" (10mo) - Says first word (11mo) - Uses 1-3 words and follows 1-step commands (12mo)

Answer 21

1- Heart disease 2- Cancer 3- Chronic lower respiratory disease 4- Stroke (cerebrovascular disease) 5- Accidents (unintentional injuries) [50% vehicles) note: Intentional self-harm (suicide) is #10

Answer 22

- Increase the probability of a response occurrence in the future using a reinforcing event (positive or negative reinforcer) - Usually focused on voluntary responses - The stimulus occurs after the response - Spontaneous recovery - Secondary reinforcement

Answer 23

- 70% inherited; mostly from mother - General estimate of the functional capacities of a person (it is not absolute but a comparison among people) - Mean 100 with standard deviation of 15 - 80% of autistic children have IQs less than 70 - Very stable from age 5 onward - Increased exposure to verbal behavior early in life leads to a higher IQ

Answer 24

- Uses pronouns - Parents understand most - Telegraphic sentences - Uses 2-word sentences - Uses about 200-250 words - Identify body parts by pointing - Tries to hum or sing and listens to short rhymes

Answer 25

- Objective tests: reliable and valid * Criterion referenced * Norm referenced: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Big Five Personality test - Projective tests: reliability and validity are questionable * Rorschach Inkblot test * Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) * Sentence completion test * Projective drawings

Answer 26

- Clear sense of values, goals, capabilities, an unshakable sense of the meaningfulness of life and a strong sense of control over one's own fate - Least affected by stressful events

Answer 27

- Systematic desensitization (Rx of anxiety and phobias) - Exposure (its extremes are flooding[real] or implosion[virtual]) - Aversive conditioning (disulfiram in alcoholics)

Answer 28

- Complete sphincter control - Brain at 75% of adult weight - Draws recognizable man with head, body and limbs - Dresses and undresses self - Catches ball with 2 hands

Answer 29

- Producing CR by CS alone after pairing UCS with CS. - Usually focused on involuntary responses - The CS occurs before the response - Stimulus generalization

Answer 30

- Normal grief is 1) normal up to 1 year 2) crying, decreased libido, weight loss, insomnia 3) longing, wish to see loved one, may think they hear or see them in crowd [illusion] 4) loss of other 5) suicidal ideation is rare 6) self-limited [usually less than 6 months] 7) Antidepressants not helpful - Depression is 1) after 1 year, sooner if symptoms severe 2) symptoms are same but more severe 3) abnormal overidentification, personality change 4) loss of self 5) suicidal ideation is common 6) symptoms do not stop (may persist for years) 7) Antidepressants helpful

Answer 31

- Watching someone else get reinforcement is enough to change behavior - Same principles as operant conditioning

Answer 32

- Fear of falling and pulls to stand (9mo) - Stands alone and pincer grasp [immature 3-fingers] (10mo) - Pincer grasp [mature 2-fingers] (12mo) - Walks (12-18mo) - Points to objects (12mo) - Disappearance of primitive reflexes (Babinski [12mo])

Answer 33

- Altruism: alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity (mafia boss makes large donation to charity) - Humor: appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation (nervous medical student jokes about the boards) - Sublimation: replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one's value system (one with exhibitionist fantasies becomes a stripper) - Suppression: Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness

Answer 34

- Can tell detailed stories - Uses prepositions - Uses plurals - Uses past tense - Compound sentences - Enjoys rhyming - Knows colors and some numbers

Answer 35

- Alternates feet going down stairs - Hops on one foot - Grooms self (brush teeth) - Uses buttons or zippers - Counts fingers on hand

Answer 36

- Perform screening assessment of the patient's safety domestically and in their close personal relationships - Provide medical care, emotional support and counseling - Educate the patient about support services and refer appropriately - Documentation is crucial

Answer 37

- 50% are within family - 60% of victims are females - Most victims are 9 to 12 years - Most likely source: uncle and older sibling, although stepfathers are also more likely

Answer 38

- Tobacco 19% - Diet/activity 14% - Alcohol 5%

Answer 39

- Broken bones in first year of life, or multiple fractures or bruises at different stages of healing, or spiral fractures - STDs in young children - 92% of injuries are soft tissue injuries (bruises, burns and lacerations) - 5% have no physical signs - Non-accidental burns (abuse) are suspected by their patterns like burns of the buttocks or just the arms and sparing the hands. These burns have a particularly poor prognosis - Shaken baby syndrome: look for broken blood vessels in eyes - Female circumcision - Cultural practices such as "coining", "moxibustion", "cupping" are not considered as child abuse

Answer 40

- Grew up in violent home (about 50%) - Married at a young age - Perceives self as unable to function alone (dependent) - Abused spouses tend to blame themselves for the abuse, identification with the aggressor - Pregnant, last trimester (highest risk)

Answer 41

- "Rules of the game" are key - Organized sport possible - Being team member is focal for many - Separation of the sexes (same sex friends and identification with same sex parent) - Sexual feelings not apparent - Demonstrating competence is key - Development of conscience (superego)

Answer 42

- They see illness as a punishment - From birth to 5 years old they really have no conception of death as an irreversible process - They fear separation from parent, punishment and mutilation (Freud's castration anxiety) more than death - After age 8 or 9 there is understanding of the universality, inevitability and irreversibility of death

Answer 43

- All STDs - All diseases that we vaccinate against - All types of viral hepatitis - Chicken pox, salmonella, T.B., Lyme disease, and Legionnaires

Answer 44

All causes are higher than whites except for cancer, cardiovascular disease, infant mortality, and suicide

Answer 45

- Rides tricycle - Stacks 9 cubes (36mo) - Bowel and bladder control (toilet training) - Alternates feet going up stairs - Catches ball with arms - Unbutton buttons

Answer 46

- Anna Freud - Ego - Suppression - Regression (least) - Sublimation (most)

Answer 47

- Either positive (added) or negative (removed) - According to schedules: * Continuous reinforcement: fastest learning and fastest extinction * Intermittent (partial) reinforcement: - Fixed Ratio - Variable Ratio: slowest learning and slowest extinction (gambling [slot machines]) - Fixed Interval - Variable Interval

Answer 48

- Identity formation is the key issue (independence and self-definition) - Values reflect those of their parents - Rebellion is most likely in early teenage years and manifests as minor disagreements regarding hair, music, dress and friends - Sexual experimentation with opposite- and same-sex partners is common

Answer 49

- Tell the patient everything - Do not give false hope - Allow person to talk about feelings - Keep involved in activities - Avoid social isolation

Answer 50

- Long-term deprivation of affection results in: * Failure to thrive * Poor language/socialization skills * Lack of basic trust * Reactive attachment disorder (infant withdrawn/unresponsive to comfort) - Deprivation for more than 6 months can lead to irreversible changes - Severe deprivation can result in infant death

Answer 51

- Initial phase: last for several weeks, weeping with hostility and protest - Intermediate phase (grief, disorganizations): lasts 3 weeks to 1 year and involving sadness, yearning, somatic symptoms, obsessional review, searching for deceased, may believe they see or hear the deceased - Recovery phase (reorganization): begins second year after death, memories fade in intensity and reinvestment of energies and interests

Answer 52

- Shift from egocentric to social speech - Incomplete sentences decline - Vocabulary expands geometrically (50000 words by age 12)

Answer 53

- Identity is critical issue - Conformity is most important (11-12y) - Organized sports diminish for many - Cross-gender relationships

Answer 54

Heart disease

Answer 55

Dx: - Perform a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation - Ask about family history, previous attempts, ambivalence toward death, and hopelessness - Ask directly about suicidal ideation, intent, and plan, and look for available means Rx: - A patient who endorses suicidality requires emergent inpatient hospitalization even against his/her will.

Answer 56

- Higher rates than general population - Psychiatry is the highest (surgeons and family practices rates are comparable) - Female physicians suicide rate is 4 times greater than general population and stays high even after controlling for SES.

Answer 57

- Points to and counts 3 objects - Repeats 4 digits - Names colors

Answer 58

- 60% say that they had a friend who committed suicide - Its the highest rate for all ages of Native Americans - Psychological autopsy studies shows that almost all had some prior mental illness (bullying is prevalent cause) - Best prevention is to identify and address the underlying mental illness or substance abuse. treat the cause not the symptoms

Answer 59

- Tanner I: no hair (equal or less than 10y) - Tanner II: small amount of long downy hair (10-11y) - Tanner III: hair is coarse and curly (11-13y) - Tanner IV: Adult-like but not on thigh (13-14y) - Tanner V: extends to medial thigh (more than 14y)

Answer 60

- In US HIV-positive prevalence is 1:100 in males and 1:800 in females - Most dangerous sexual practice is anal intercourse (especially in heterosexual) - HIV can be transmitted by oral sex - If patient has AIDS today, most likely homo/bisexual man - If patient became HIV-positive recently, most likely IV drug user - Risk factors: * Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women than the opposite * Risk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs during menses * Uncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive and contract HIV during sex

Answer 61

- Sensation/movement - Schemas - Assimilation and accommodation

Answer 62

- Boys heavier than girls - Permanent teeth (11y) - Refined motor skills - Rides bicycle - Prints letters - Gains athletic skill - Coordination increases - Maturation of eye function

Answer 63

- Asks the meaning of words | - Abstract words elusive

Answer 64

- Rates are 3 to 4 times the rest of population - Attempt less often but succeed more often - White elderly man is the highest rate of all - 25% of all suicides are alcohol related - 80% have given some warning (80% have seen a physician in the past 6 months and 50% in the past month)

Answer 65

- From single sexual encounter with man who is not a member of a risk group 1 in 5 million - From single encounter with man who is a member of high risk group is 1:20 to 1:2 - Needle-stick 1:250 (1:100-1:1000) - Seroconversion from blood transfusion 2:3

Answer 66

- Anxiety and performance - Fear induction and adherence (health belief model) - Motivation and learning - Stimulus complexity and personal preferences - Postsurgical recovery and anxiety

Answer 67

- Protest: crying, alarm, and aggression - Despair: hopes of regaining loved ones fades - Detachment: feelings of yearning and anger are repressed note: upset is more easily reversed in stages of protest and despair than after detachment has set in

Answer 68

- Halsted-Reitan Battery: tests for presence and localization of brain dysfunction - Luria Nebraska Battery: tests level of impairment and functioning - Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test: screens for brain dysfunction - Benton Visual Retention test - Wechsler Memory Scale: assesses memory impairment

Answer 69

- 100% will test positive at birth - About 20% remain positive after 1 year - Breast-feeding increases transmission rate to 50% - AZT reduces risk by half (to about 10%) and AZT combined with C-section reduces it to 5%

Answer 70

- Suicides outnumber homicides in US - Men commit suicide more than women, but women attempt it more - Firearms are the most likely method by which either men or women commit suicide. - Pills/poisons are the most likely method for women to attempt suicide - For ages 15-24 it is the third leading cause of death after homicides and accidents - For ages 25-35 it is the second leading cause

Answer 71

- Shaping: autistic boy learning to speak - Extinction - Stimulus control: bed is only for sleep (insomnia) - Biofeedback: Rx of hypertension, migraine, muscle-contraction headaches, Raynaud syndrome, torticollis, cardiac arrhythmias and anxiety - Fading: gradually replacing post-operative painkiller with a placebo

Answer 72

``` After skin cancers which are most common cancer incidence for both sexes are For males * Lung (#1 death, #2 incidence) * Prostate (#2 death, #1 incidence) * Colorectal (#3 both) For females * Lung (#1 death, #2 incidence) * Breast (#2 death, #1 incidence) * Colorectal (#3 both) ```

Answer 73

- Mental age method: (MA/CA)*100 MA= median test score for a given age CA= actual age of the person taking the test - Deviation from norm method: look up the score on a standardized tables - Error margin for both methods is +/- 5 points

Answer 74

- Complete sentences - Uses 900 words - Strangers can understand - Recognizes common objects in pictures - Can answer "tell me what we wear on our feet?" or "which block is bigger?" - Asks short questions

Answer 75

- Great variation in timing of language development | - Uses 10 words (18mo)

Answer 76

- Puts everything in mouth - Sit with support (4 months) - Follows objects to mid-line (4 weeks) - Follows objects past mid-line (2mo) - Lifts head up prone (1 month) - Disappearance of primitive reflexes (Moro [3mo] and rooting [4mo]) - Rolls back to front (4mo) - Grasps rattle (4mo)

Answer 77

- 50% of all marriages end in divorce - US has the sixth highest rate of divorce worldwide - Married individuals have a higher Well-being Index score than any other unmarried catigories - Divorce rates are higher for children of divorced parents, couples who marry young, low SES and very high SES (including physicians) - Divorced persons have the highest rates of hospitalization for mental disorders - The highest rates of divorce for both males and females are for those who married at age of (20-24) and the least rates are for those who married at age of (35-39)

Answer 78

- Prevalence rate 5 to 10% - Includes physical, psychological, financial or neglect - Neglect is the most common type (50%) - Likely gender of victim is female (63%) and the perpetrator is the caretaker (male or female) - Mandatory reportable offense

Answer 79

- Persons discharged from mental hospitals are 34 times more likely to commit suicide than general population - Percentage according to illness are * Depression 15% * Alcoholism 15% * Schizophrenia 10% * Borderline personality disorder 5%

Psychology and Development Flashcards

(104 cards)