Psychology and Scientific Thinking Flashcards

Question

Great debates of psychology

Answer 1

Nature vs nurture Are our behaviour a result of our genes or our environment Tabula rasa- blank state Evolutionary psychology Applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour Criticisms: theories are difficult to test since don’t leave fossils Difficult to falsify even when testable Free will determinism Do we have free will Or is our behaviour caused by environmental influence

Answer 2

Examines how the mind works

Answer 3

Utilize the research in everyday | Life

Answer 4

Communicate children with autism Thought to be a motor disorder Soon there was allegations about sexual anuse

Answer 5

Used to treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders Severed the fibers connecting the frontal lobe and thalamus It doesn’t work

Answer 6

System 1: intuitive Fast No effort Snap Judgments System 2: analytical Slow Requires effort Problem solving

Answer 7

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb Intuitive thinking involves this Reduce the cognitive energy required to solve problems

Answer 8

``` Observation Question of interest Formulate explanation/develop hypothesis Operationalise hypothesis/select a research method/carry out research method Collect data Analyze data Hypothesis supported or not Conclusions ```

Answer 9

Watching behaviour in the real world High external validity Findings are generalize to the real world Low internal validity Cannot draw cause and effect inference

Answer 10

Studying one or a small group of people for a extended period of time Used for rare brain damage or mental illness Excellent for existence proofs

Answer 11

Self report Measures assess characteristics of a person by asking people directly Surveys Measure opinions attitudes and beliefs Random selection Validity Reliability

Answer 12

Essential in order to generalize findings from surveys and questionnaires Non random selection can skew results

Answer 13

Consistency of measurement Test retest Similar scores overtime Interrator Two raters should produce similar scores

Answer 14

Extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure | A test must be reliable to valid but a reliable test can still be completely invalid

Answer 15

Pros Easy to administer Cons Accuracy is skewed for certain groups Potential dishonest Response sets: tendency of participants to distort their responses

Answer 16

Tendency for positive impressions of a person to positively influence ones opinion of feeling in other areas

Answer 17

Investigates relationships between two variables without the researcher controlling any of them Positive One increases so does the other Negative As one increases the other decreases Zero No relationship

Answer 18

Perceiving a relationship between variables even when a relationship doesn’t exist Correlation vs causation Because two things are related doesn’t mean that one causes the other Determining causation only possible through experimentation

Answer 19

Experimental Receives manipulation Control Does not receive manipulation

Answer 20

Inde Is manipulated Is the one thing you change Dep Is measured Is the change that happens because of the inde variable

Answer 21

Everything that you want to remain constant and unchanging

Answer 22

Differences between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

Answer 23

Placebo effect Improvement because you expect improvement Nocebo effect Harm resulting from the expectation of harm Demand characteristic Cues that participants pick up allowing them to guess the hypothesis

Answer 24

Show relationships between variables If high scores on one variable predict high scores on the other variable the correlation is positive If high scored predict low scores on other Variable the correlation is negative

Answer 25

Men diagnosed with syphilis | Never given treatment in order to study the disease

Answer 26

``` Research ethics board Informed consent Protection from harm Justification for deception Debriefing participants after experiment ```

Answer 27

7-8% of research in psychology uses animals Rodents and birds Canadian council of animal care

Answer 28

Mean Average of all scores Median Middle score in data Mode Most frequent score in data

Answer 29

Where the groups tends to cluster

Answer 30

Difference between the highest and lowest scores

Answer 31

Measure of dispersion accounting for how far each data point is from the mean

Answer 32

Numerical characteristics of the nature of the data

Answer 33

Allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from the sample to the population

Answer 34

Process to help identify and correct flaws in research and it’s conclusions

Answer 35

Is whatever intelligence test measure

Answer 36

People with better senses acquire more knowledge

Answer 37

Focused on higher mental processes Most now agree that intelligence is related to the capacity to understand theoretical concepts (abstract thinking)

Answer 38

General intelligence (g) accounts for overall differences in intellect among people Our particular skills are reflected in our specific abilities (s)

Answer 39

Intelligence is a mix of two capacities Fluid intelligence Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems Crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge of the world we gain overtime

Answer 40

Linguistic Speaks and write well Mathematical Math skills Spatial Think and reason objects in three dimensional space Musical Bodily kinaesthetic Body in sports Interpersonal Understand and interact effectively with others Intrapersonal Understand and possess insight into self Naturalistic Animals plants other living things

Answer 41

Sternberg Three largely distinct types of intelligence Believes that having one does not ensure you have others Analytical Practical Creative Weaknesses Practical intelligence is not independent Causal relationship between job performance and practical intelligence We all of strength and weaknesses

Answer 42

Quicker reaction time Less overall brain activity Intelligence may reflect efficiency of mental processing

Answer 43

Prefrontal cortex Parietal cortex Central theme: speed of info processing is related to intelligence

Answer 44

Binets concept of mental age led to the development of the IQ Mental age/ chronological age x 100= IQ Works for kids not adults Modern IQ test use deviation IQ that eliminates age effects

Answer 45

WAIS wechsler adult intelligence scale 15 subtest that give five scores ``` Overall IQ verbal communication Perceptual reasoning Working memory Processing speed ```

Answer 46

Information Which continent is France Comprehension Why do people need birth certificates Arithmetic How many hours to drive 150 miles 50 per hours Similarities Calculator and typewriter alike Digit span Repeat the following numbers backwards Vocab ``` Digital symbol Picture completion Block design Visual puzzles Figure weights ```

Answer 47

Wechsler intelligence scale of children Older children Weschler primary and preschool scale of intelligence 2 1/2 to 7

Answer 48

Consist of abstract reasoning items that do not depend on language

Answer 49

In adults scores tend to be highly stable over long periods of time Prior to three test are very unstable

Answer 50

Moderately successful at predicting grades | Success depends on motivation effort and mental energy

Answer 51

Childhood onset of low IQ and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning 1% of North American males Four level Mild moderate severe and profound More severe less likely to run in families

Answer 52

Refer to top 2% of IQ scores ``` Doctors Lawyers Engineers Professors Terman termites showed that prodigies do not burnout or have higher rates of mental illness ```

Answer 53

Studies the relative impact of nature and nurture on psychological traits Estimates heritability Percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that due to genes Heritability Applies to on,y groups Differences among people Differ dramatically across different time periods and populations

Answer 54

Family studies Examine the extent to which a characteristic runs or goes together in intact families Pros Estimating risk of disorder Twin studies Difference between identical and fraternal twins Mono, 100% share genes Diz, share 50% of genes Adoption studies Examine extent to which children adopted into new homes resemble their adoptive as opposed to their biological Parents

Answer 55

Family studies Confirms IQ runs in the family Twin studies Identical twins correlations of 0.7 to 0.8 Fraternal 0.3 to 0.4

Answer 56

Later Born children tend to have slightly lower IQs than earlier born children Larger fams lower IQs

Answer 57

Jensens cumulative deficit study | Lack of proper nutrition and exposure to lead may lead to lower IQs

Answer 58

Average iq of the pop has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years ``` Most likely resulted from environmental changes Increased test sophistication Increased complexity of modern world Better nutrition Changes at home and school ```

Answer 59

Few or no average difference in sexes Males are more variable in scores Females tend to do better on some verbal tasks and emotions Males tend to do better on spatial ability tests like geography and mental rotation

Answer 60

African and Hispanic lower IQ ASIAN scores higher First Nations score lower Most likely do environmental in origin

Answer 61

Outside of box thinking Divergent thinking Convergent thinking Finding the single best answer to a problem

Answer 62

Ability to understand our own and others emotions Does not predict job performance

Answer 63

Intelligence alone is not sufficient for success in life Curiosity Predictor of academic achievement Grit Combination of preserverance and passion

Answer 64

Logical error where you assume that a causes b just because b came after a Ex All serial killers drink milk as babies So milk causes people to become serial killers

Answer 65

Human development is almost always a two way street Children development influence their experiences but their experiences also influence their development

Answer 66

People of different ages studied at the same point in time Disadvantages Provide no data on the development of individuals because only measured at one time point

Answer 67

Same participants observed repeatedly overtime Disadvantages Costly Practise effects Selective attrition

Answer 68

Both are important in shaping development | Impact of genes on behaviour depends on environment where behaviour develops

Answer 69

Acitivation or deactivation of genes by environment experience throughout devlopment

Psychology and Scientific Thinking Flashcards

(93 cards)